Rewinding the crucial facts for better understanding.
| Aspects | Facts |
|---|---|
| Definition | Vasculitis, a rare autoimmune disease, is characterized by eosinophilia and inflammation of blood vessels. |
| Etiology | Unknown; may be caused by a mix of environmental stimuli and genetic predisposition. |
| Epidemiology | Prevalence: 10–13 per million; more common in middle-aged adults, with slight male predominance. |
| Pathophysiology | Involves Th2-mediated immune response, eosinophilic infiltration, and ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) positivity in some cases. |
| Clinical features | Asthma, eosinophilia, vasculitis symptoms (e.g., purpura, neuropathy), and organ involvement (e.g., heart, lungs, kidneys). |
| Diagnostic criteria | 1. Asthma 2. Eosinophilia > 10% 3. Sinusitis 4. Pulmonary infiltrates 5. Vasculitis 6. Extravascular eosinophils. |
| Laboratory findings | Elevated eosinophils, positive ANCA (in 40–60% of cases), elevated IgE, increased inflammatory markers (ESR, CRP). |
| Imaging studies | Chest X-ray and CT scan showing pulmonary infiltrates, sinusitis, and sometimes cardiomegaly. |
| Biopsy findings | Vasculitis with eosinophil infiltration in tissue (such as the skin or lungs) occurs in. |
| Differential diagnosis | Churg-strauss syndrome, Wegener’s granulomatosis, hypereosinophilic syndrome, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. |
| Treatment options | Corticosteroids, immunosuppressants such as cyclophosphamide or azathioprine, and biologics. |
| Therapeutic approaches | The treatment of eosinophilic vasculitis should be done with a stepwise approach beginning with corticosteroids and/or other medications such as bronchodilators and oxygen to help with symptoms. If the patient has severe or refractory symptoms, immunosuppressants or immunotherapy should be added. |
| Prognosis | Generally good outcomes with treatment, the 5-year survival rate is > 80%. Long-term complications are possible. Patients are also at risk of relapse. |
| Complications | Patients may experience cardiac involvement (e.g., myocarditis, cardiomyopathy), renal impairment, peripheral neuropathy, and pulmonary fibrosis. |
| Research & developments | Studies are ongoing regarding new biologics, targeted therapies, and personalized approaches to treatment. |
| Biomarkers | ANCA, eosinophil counts, IgE levels, and biomarkers are being evaluated to contribute to diagnosis and monitoring. |
| Prognostic factors | Involvement of the heart, renal impairment, and higher eosinophil counts are related to worse outcomes. |
ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: C-reactive protein.
We extend our heartfelt gratitude to the management of Rungta International Skills University, Bhilai, for their unwavering support and encouragement throughout this work. Their dedication to fostering a research-conducive environment has been instrumental in completing this review.
PK: Writing—original draft, Conceptualization. AG: Methodology, Resources, Writing—original draft. SKG: Writing—review & editing, Project administration, Supervision, Validation. TMJ and DKM: Data curation. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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