Exploration of Immunology

Table 2. Differences between M1 and M2 macrophages

Macrophages	M1	M2
Activation	TLR, TNF-α, IFN-γ, CSF2	IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β, PGE2
Secretion	IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α	IL-10, IL-4, EGF, TGF-β, IL-19
Markers	HLA-DR, CD11c, CD86, iNOS, pSTAT1	CD136, CD204, CD206, VEGF, cMAF
Function	Pro-inflammatory, microbicidal, anti-tumoral	Anti-inflammatory, wound healing, pro-tumoral

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TLR: toll-like receptor; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; IFN-γ: interferon-gamma; CSF2: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating-factor 2; IL: interleukin; TGF-β: transforming growth factor β; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; EGF: epithelial growth factor; HLA-DR: human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype; CD: cluster of differentiation; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; pSTAT1: phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; cMAF: cellular microenvironment-associated factor. References: [24, 58]

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Author contributions

JDMO: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization. MÁPV: Writing—review & editing, Visualization. NEHG: Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Writing—review & editing, Project administration. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

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The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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