From:  The dual promise of oncolytic viruses: selective targeting and therapeutic enhancement in cancer treatment

 Representative clinical trials of oncolytic viruses across cancer types

VirusCancer typeTrial phaseCombination strategyKey outcomeReference
T-VEC (HSV-1)MelanomaPhase III+ PembrolizumabORR: 48.6% vs. 22.2% (mono); no OS benefit[143]
DNX-2401 (Adenovirus)Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)Phase II+ NivolumabIncreased CD8+ infiltration; prolonged survival in responders[114]
Pelareorep (Reovirus)Metastatic breast cancerPhase II+ PaclitaxelHigher ORR; improved PFS[144]
Pelareorep (Reovirus)Pancreatic cancerPhase II+ GemcitabineImmunologic priming; improved disease control rate[119]
CG0070 (Adenovirus)Non-muscle invasive bladder cancerPhase IIMonotherapy (GM-CSF expressing)CR rate: ~47% in BCG-unresponsive patients[116]
Pexa-Vec (Vaccinia)Hepatocellular carcinomaPhase IIb+ SorafenibNo OS benefit; early immune activation noted[145]

This table presents a comparative overview of key clinical trials involving oncolytic viruses, summarizing the virus platform, cancer indication, trial phase, combination strategy (if applicable), and reported outcomes. It highlights the therapeutic landscape of oncolytic virotherapy in solid tumors, with emphasis on immune modulation, synergistic combinations, and objective response rates observed in peer-reviewed studies. HSV-1: herpes simplex virus type 1; T-VEC: talimogene laherparepvec; ORR: objective response rate; OS: overall survival; PFS: progression-free survival; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; CR: complete response; BCG: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (intravesical immunotherapy for bladder cancer)