Integrated evaluation of oncolytic virus therapy: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and limitations
Category
Content
Strengths
Selectively replicates in and lyses cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue
Stimulates systemic antitumor immunity
Can be genetically engineered to deliver therapeutic genes or immune modulators, with versatility in vector platforms (e.g., adenovirus, reovirus, baculovirus)
Weaknesses
Difficult to deliver to solid tumors due to vascular barriers and ECM density
Can be neutralized by pre-existing or treatment-induced antiviral immunity
Risk of off-target toxicity and immune-related inflammation
Manufacturing and scalability challenges
Opportunities
Can be combined with immunotherapies (e.g., checkpoint inhibitors) to reprogram “cold” tumors synergy with chemotherapy and radiation therapy
Use in precision medicine through tumor-specific targeting or gene circuits
Integration with nanotechnology and exosome delivery
Limitations
Regulatory complexity and high development costs
Risk of evolving resistance or adaptation in tumor cells
Long-term safety profiles still under evaluation
Potential biosafety concerns with engineered viruses in certain settings
This table provides a consolidated overview of the advantages, barriers, and strategic opportunities associated with oncolytic virus therapy in cancer treatment. Strengths and weaknesses represent current biological and clinical performance characteristics, while opportunities and limitations reflect future directions and implementation challenges. ECM: extracellular matrix
Declarations
Author contributions
AAAA: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Data curation. RB: Data curation, Writing—review & editing, Validation, Resource. OG: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Data curation. All authors have read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
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