Exploration of Immunology

Table 4. Summarized findings of the studies related to the m-RNA vaccine development

Parameter	Findings
Vaccine types	Traditional (live attenuated, inactivated), subunit, protein-based, viral vector, and modern m-RNA vaccines were reviewed
Efficacy & immune response	m-RNA vaccines demonstrated high immunogenicity and rapid response, while subunit vaccines had stable but lower efficacy
Computational approaches	Reverse vaccinology, structural vaccinology, and AI-driven machine learning enhances antigen identification and vaccine design
Safety & scalability	Modern vaccine platforms, particularly m-RNA and viral vector vaccines, have revealed improved safety and faster production scalability
Delivery methods	LNPs, viral vectors, and NP-based carriers emerged as efficient vaccine delivery strategies
Challenges identified	Vaccine hesitancy, global accessibility, high production costs, and the need for more inclusive clinical trials were major obstacles
Future prospects	Advances in nanotechnology-based delivery, AI-driven vaccine design, and saRNA vaccines hold promise for improved efficiency and accessibility

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m-RNA: messenger RNA; AI: artificial intelligence; LNPs: lipid nanoparticles; saRNA: self-amplifying RNA

Declarations

Author contributions

AK and FA: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. BKS: Formal analysis. AAAA, YM, and VM: Validation, Visualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

All datasets analyzed for this study are included in the manuscript.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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