Global progress of viral vaccinations, showcasing key target diseases, vaccine types, and development milestones
| Vaccine | Target virus/disease | Type of vaccine | Development milestone | Global impact | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smallpox vaccine | Smallpox | Live attenuated (cowpox virus) | 1796 (Edward Jenner) | Eradicated smallpox in 1980 | [11] |
| Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) | Poliovirus | Inactivated vaccine (IPV) | 1955 (Jonas Salk) | Reduced polio incidence worldwide | [12] |
| Oral polio vaccine (OPV) | Poliovirus | Oral live attenuated vaccine | 1960 (Albert Sabin) | Easy administration and improved population immunity | [13] |
| Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine | MMR virus | Live attenuated | Mid-20th century | Significant decline in childhood diseases | [14] |
| Hepatitis B vaccine | Hepatitis B virus (HBV) | Recombinant protein | 1981 | First vaccine using recombinant DNA technology | [15] |
| Influenza vaccine | Influenza virus | Inactivated/live attenuated | Annual updates | Prevents seasonal flu but requires annual reformulation | [16] |
| Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine | HPV | Protein subunit | Early 2000 | Prevents HPV-related cervical cancers | [17] |
| Ebola vaccine | Ebola virus | Viral vector | 2015 | Used during outbreaks, reducing fatality rates | [18] |
| COVID-19 vaccines [messenger RNA (m-RNA)] | Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) | m-RNA | 2020 (Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna) | Rapid development and global deployment | [19] |
| COVID-19 vaccines (viral vector) | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral vector (adenovirus) | 2020 (AstraZeneca, J & J) | Effective in managing the COVID-19 pandemic | [20] |
| Dengue vaccine | Dengue virus | Live attenuated/protein-based | Recent (Dengvaxia, Qdenga) | Reduces severe dengue cases in endemic regions | [21] |
| Rotavirus vaccine | Rotavirus | Live attenuated/oral | Early 2000 | Significant reduction in childhood diarrhea cases | [22] |
| Rabies vaccine | Rabies virus | Inactivated | 19th century | Prevents a fatal disease with post-exposure prophylaxis | [23] |
AK and FA: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. BKS: Formal analysis. AAAA, YM, and VM: Validation, Visualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing—review & editing.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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All datasets analyzed for this study are included in the manuscript.
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