Table Info

Table 2.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor combination strategies

Combination	Effects
ICI + ICI	Promote T cell activation and the immune response to tumor cells
ICI + TT	Increase T-cell infiltration and IFN-gamma expression, besides its specific action on the target
ICI + ChT	Reduce the number and activity of immune-suppressive cells and stimulate tumor-specific immune responses by inducing the immunogenic cell death
ICI + RT	ICI enhances the immunogenic effects of RT and RT reduces the number and activity of immune-suppressive cells and remodeling of the TME by secreting inflammatory factors
ICI + AA	Boost immune cell infiltration, elevate adhesion molecules, promote antigen presentation and reduce Treg immersion
ICI + ACT	Increase IFN-gamma-expression
ICI + nanomedicine	Transform “deserted tumors” to “inflamed tumors” by boosting T-cell priming and immersion

ICI: immune checkpoint inhibitor; TT: targeted therapy; IFN: interferon; ChT: Chemotherapy; RT: radiotherapy; TME: tumor microenvironment; AA: anti-angiogenesis; ACT: adoptive cellular therapy

Declarations

Acknowledgments

This manuscript is dedicated to all patients and their families. They are the primary motivation behind our research efforts. We also acknowledge that Figure 2 was created with the help of ChatGPT and appreciate its contribution to the development of this work.

Author contributions

LCG: Data curation, Visualization, Investigation, Writing—review & editing, Writing—original draft. SCC: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software. MPK: Supervision, Investigation. BCO: Methodology, Writing—review & editing, Validation. VPB: Data curation, Validation, Investigation, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

Luis Cabezón-Gutiérrez reports he received payment for presentations of Roche, Astra Zeneca, Brystol Myers Squibb, Merck Serono, Ipsen Pharma, Grunenthal, Kyowa Kirin, Pfizer and Eisai and received support for attending meetings from Roche, Merck, Eli Lilly, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Nutricia. Vilma Pacheco-Barcia reports she received a grant as an award from Merck and FSEOM, payment for presentations of Merck, Eli Lilly, Eisai and Pierre Fabre and received support for attending meetings from Roche, Eli Lilly, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Amgen, Merck Sharp and Dhome, and Nutricia. Vilma Pacheco-Barcia also reports she participated in an advisory board from advanced accelerator applications, a Novartis company. Sara Custodio-Cabello has received honoraria (outside of this submitted study) from Fresenius, Astellas Pharma, Merck and Abbott and received support for attending meetings from Pierre-Fabre and Amgen. Magda Palka-Kotlowska has received payment for presentations of Pfizer, Devon, Pharmamar, and Esteve and received support for attending meetings from Pfizer and Novartis. Beatriz Chacón-Ovejero have no conflicts of interest to declare. All the authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

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Consent to publication

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Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

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Copyright

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