Phenotype of T lymphocytes and pro inflammatory cytokines in newborns offspring of females with and without GDM with sucrose consumption
Immune parameters
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
P value
Mean ± SDn = 8
Mean ± SDn = 8
Mean ± SDn = 8
Mean ± SDn = 8
T lymphocytes phenotype
CD3+ (%)
5.33 ± 0.21
2.79 ± 0.37
6.53 ± 0.03
14.97 ± 1.73a
< 0.001
CD3+/CD4+ (%)
2.27 ± 0.03
0.86 ± 0.17
4.06 ± 0.02
16.40 ± 2.51a
< 0.001
CD3+/CD8+ (%)
0.28 ± 0.12
0.43 ± 0.25
1.93 ± 0.10
3.53 ± 0.10a
< 0.001
Pro inflammatory cytokines
IL-1β pg/mL
0.40 ± 0.04
6.13 ± 0.79a
5.0 ± 0.02
2.9 ± 0.21
< 0.001
IL-6 pg/mL
0.86 ± 0.15
11.67 ± 1.96a
5.7 ± 0.05
7.17 ± 0.82
< 0.001
IFN-γ pg/mL
0.28 ± 0.09
2.80 ± 0.58
5.61 ± 0.02
7.34 ± 1.14a
< 0.001
TNF-α pg/mL
0.54 ± 0.08
3.89 ± 0.32
2.88 ± 0.93
10.56 ± 0.21a
< 0.001
Immunoglobulins
IgA (OD)
0.082 ± 0.016
0.066 ± 0.007a
0.077 ± 0.004
0.081 ± 0.006
< 0.001
IgG (OD)
0.227 ± 0.093
0.258 ± 0.067
0.157 ± 0.028a
0.245 ± 0.07
< 0.050
The values represent the mean ± standard deviation of the percentage of T lymphocytes, pro-inflammatory cytokines and the optical density (OD) of IgG and IgA. TCD3+ total lymphocytes, CD3+/CD4+ T helper, CD3+/CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG). Twenty-four CD1 female mice were used to obtain the offspring (n = 6 per group). To process the samples from the offspring, groups of 8 newborns were created. Group A = without GDM and without sucrose supplementation, Group B = without GDM with sucrose supplementation, Group C = with GDM without sucrose supplementation, Group D = with GDM and with sucrose supplementation. The one-way ANOVA test was performed to compare the means between groups, with Tukey’s post hoc test to identify intergroup differences a with group A. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant
Declarations
Author contributions
BEMC: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. EAR, CÁRG, and AARA: Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. RVR, RAJL, and ALGL: Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
The protocol was approved by the Faculty’s Research Ethics Committee (CONBIOETICA-15-CEI-002-20210531). The ethical approval number is “009.2022”.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The raw data supporting the conclusions in this manuscript will be made available by the authors to any qualified researcher without undue reservation.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
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