The influence of specific AAs on intestinal permeability and immune function
AAs
Mechanism of immune optimization
Glutamine
Glutamine maintains the structural integrity of intestinal tissue: enterocyte proliferation, optimization of growth factors such as EGF, IGF-I, and TGF-α, and induces expression of tight junction proteins
Trp
Serves as a precursor for serotonin, melatonin, and various metabolites in the KYN pathway: modulation of tight junction proteins, T-cell differentiation, the production of IL-17 and IL-22, the maintenance of ILC3 in the gut, and the antioxidant response
BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine, and valine
Shown to influence intestinal development, tight junctions, nutrient transportation, cell migration, and barrier function: increased expression of β-defensin
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