Exploration of Immunology

From: Generation and pathogenicity of autoantibodies associated to thrombosis and hemostasis

Table 3. Target antigens of autoantibodies, which can induce thrombotic diseases, and their interference in laboratory testing

Autoantigen target	Clinical context	Possible cause and biological effect	Laboratory impact
β2GP1	Thrombosis, fetal loss	Interferes in coagulation cascade, Plt activation, targets immune system to blood cells	LA, positive ACA or APA assays
PT	Thrombosis, fetal loss	Viral infection, interferes in coagulation cascade, targets immune system to blood cells	LA, decreased FII, apparent deficiencies in FVII, V, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII; positive anti-PT ELISA
PS	Thrombosis, purpura fulminans	Varicella, inhibits PS anticoagulant activity	LA, decreased free PS, positive anti-PS ELISA
PC	Severe thrombosis	Very rare, activated PC resistance	LA, decreased PC activity, positive anti-PC ELISA
Annexin V, PZ	Thrombosis, abortions	Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, fetal loss, microangiopathy	LA, positive anti-A5 ELISA, flow cytometry
TM	Thrombosis	Maligancy, inhibition of PC activation	Inhibits PC activation, positive anti-TM ELISA
PF4	Severe thrombocytopenia, thrombosis	Adenovirus vector vaccine, targets immune system to Plts and endothelial cells	Positive PAT and PF4 ELISA
HPF4 complexes	Thrombocytopenia, thrombosis	Targets immune system to Plts and endothelial cells	Positive PAT and HPF4 ELISA
ADAMTS-13	TTP	Inhibits ADAMTS-13, high MW vWF multimers	Plt hyper-aggregability
IL-8	Peripheral thrombosis, DIC	Targets immune system to Plts and blood cells	Variable positive PAT and positive IL-8 ELISA
Thrombin	Thrombosis, DIC	Inhibition of PC pathway	Prolonged clotting tests, positive AT ELISA
GP1b-IX quinine	Immune thrombocytopenic purpura, Plt activation	Thrombocytopenia, thrombosis	Plt count, Plt activation, flow cytometry
Alloantibodies to PLA	Thrombocytopenia, Plt activation, neonatal complications	Transfusion, allo-immunization	Plt activation, flow cytometry

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A5: annexin 5; ACA: anti-cardiolipin-antibodies; ADAMTS-13: A disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type I repeats-13; APA: anti-phospholipid antibody; MW: molecular weight; PAT: Plt aggregometry test; PLA: Plt alloantigen; TM: thrombomodulin; TTP: thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Declarations

Author contributions

JA: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

JA is consultant for HYPHEN BioMed SAS.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

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Availability of data and materials

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Funding

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Copyright

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