GRADE Level of evidence and grading criteria for recommendations.
| Recommendation Grade | Level of Evidence | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Strong (A) | High (1) | Single multicenter RCT study (raw data open source); systematic reviews based on RCTs (with homogeneity, raw data open source); large sample data mining studies (raw data open source); meta-analysis and systematic reviews |
| Conditional (B) | Moderate (2a/2b) | Single RCTs (raw data not open-source); systematic reviews of classic case-control based studies (with homogeneity); large sample cohort studies (raw data open-source); single case-control study |
| Weak (C) | Low (3) | Case report; low-quality cohort study; cross-sectional study |
| Very Weak (D) | Very Low (4) | Expert opinion or comment |
Dajin Zou, Zheng Zhang, Zhiguang Zhou
Xiaosu Bai (Department of Endocrinology, People’s Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, 518109, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8303-0986).
Yue Chen (Department of Endocrinology, Baoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3398-9516).
Zhengnan Gao (Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116033, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0077-8758).
Xiaohui Guo (Department of Enducruinology, The First Hospital of Peking University, 100034, Beijing, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5588-0995).
Shan Huang (Department of Endocrinology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8125-953X).
Linong Ji (Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3262-2168).
Lijing Jia (Department of General Medicine, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8985-7759).
Hui Jin (Department of Clinical Nutrition, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4157-2633).
Li Li (Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315000, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6301-3544).
Ling Li (Department of Endocrinology, No.971. Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army Navy, Qingdao, 266000, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0603-9219).
Lianyong Liu (Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Punan Hospital of Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200125, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7446-7306).
Shen Qu (Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai 10th People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0811-7070).
Yadong Sun (Endocrinology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University Jingyue Campus, Changchun, 130021, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1415-0110).
Zilin Sun (Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital; Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1865-1429).
Tao Tao (Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5061-9352).
Haoming Tian (Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1921-4733).
Jianqing Tian (Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University Xiamen Humanity Hospital, Xiamen, 361001, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0215-5471).
Wei Tang (Department of Endocrinology, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210024, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0466-4587).
Yangang Wang (Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6597-420X).
Yufan Wang (Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9614-3986).
Hong Wu (Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Punan Hospital of Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200125, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8031-9271).
Yaoming Xue (Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1356-4780).
Lihui Zhang (Department of Endocrinology, The second hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8105-6724).
Zheng Zhang (Department of Endocrinology, Renhe Hospital, Baoshan District, Shanghai, 200431, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5904-4343).
Zhiguang Zhou (National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0374-1838).
Jingxin Zhu (Department of General Practice, Qingcun Community Health Service Center, Shanghai, 201414, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8551-9131).
Dajin Zou (Department of Endocrinology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4766-4655).
ZD: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision. Zheng Z: Project administration, Writing—original draft. Zhiguang Z: Funding acquisition, Supervision. XB: Data curation, Resources. YC: Investigation, Methodology. ZG: Resources, Validation. XG: Investigation, Formal analysis. SH: Data curation, Formal analysis. L Ji: Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. L Jia: Data curation, Methodology, Resources. HJ: Data curation, Validation. Li L: Project administration, Writing—review & editing. Ling L: Investigation, Validation. Lianyong L: Resources, Writing—review & editing. SQ: Methodology, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. YS: Investigation, Data curation. ZS: Validation, Writing—review & editing. TT: Writing—review & editing. HT: Investigation, Validation. JT: Data curation, Software. WT: Software, Resources. Yangang W: Formal analysis. Yufan W: Methodology, Writing—review & editing. HW: Formal analysis, Writing—review & editing. YX: Resources, Visualization. LZ: Data curation, Formal analysis. JZ: Formal analysis, Software. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
The authors declare that they have no financial or non-financial conflicts of interest related to this manuscript. No commercial funding was received for the development of this consensus.
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New Quality Clinical Specialties of High-end Medical Disciplinary Construction in Pudong New Area [2024-PWXZ-09]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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