IGNO, JLNR, DRBM, AFRG, CGG, AMS: Conceptualization. Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
The study was approved by our hospital’s research and ethics committee, with registration number 208010-005-2021, and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent to participate
Informed consent to participation in the study was obtained from all participants.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
References
Basto-Abreu A, López-Olmedo N, Rojas-Martínez R, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Moreno-Banda GL, Carnalla M, et al. Prevalencia de prediabetes y diabetes en México: Ensanut 2022.Salud Publica Mex. 2023;65:s163–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Campos-Nonato I, Galván-Valencia Ó, Hernández-Barrera L, Oviedo-Solís C, Barquera S. Prevalencia de obesidad y factores de riesgo asociados en adultos mexicanos: resultados de la Ensanut 2022.Salud Publica Mex. 2023;65:s238–47. [DOI]
Lingvay I, Cohen RV, Roux CWl, Sumithran P. Obesity in adults.Lancet. 2024;404:972–87. [DOI] [PubMed]
Rubio-Guerra AF, Cabrera-Miranda LJ, Vargas-Robles H, Maceda-Serrano A, Lozano-Nuevo JJ, Escalante-Acosta BA. Correlation between levels of circulating adipokines and adiponectin/resistin index with carotid intima-media thickness in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients.Cardiology. 2013;125:150–3. [DOI] [PubMed]
Rubio-Guerra AF, Guerrero-García C, Meneses-Acero I, Maceda-Serrano A, Benítez-Maldonado DR, Vargas-Ayala G, et al. Epicardial fat thickness, but not intraabdominal fat, correlates with intima-media thickness in patients with metabolic syndrome: Epicardial fat and intima-media thickness.Obes Res Clin Pract. 2019;13:602–3. [DOI] [PubMed]
Rubio-Guerra AF, Guerrero-García C, Narváez RJL, Narvaez-Ortiz IG, Montes-Hernández PA, Benítez-Maldonado DR. Correlación entre el grosor de la grasa epicárdica y la velocidad de la onda del pulso.Med Int Méx. 2024;40:91–6. [DOI]
D’Oria R, Genchi VA, Caccioppoli C, Calderoni I, Marrano N, Biondi G, et al. Impact of Dysfunctional Adipose Tissue Depots on the Cardiovascular System.Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:14296. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lee JJ, Pedley A, Hoffmann U, Massaro JM, Levy D, Long MT. Visceral and Intrahepatic Fat Are Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Above Other Ectopic Fat Depots: The Framingham Heart Study.Am J Med. 2018;131:684–92.e12. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Alberti KGMM, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al.; International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; LungHational Heart, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; International Association for the Study of Obesity. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity.Circulation. 2009;120:1640–5. [DOI] [PubMed]
Liu KH, Chan YL, Chan WB, Kong WL, Kong MO, Chan JCN. Sonographic measurement of mesenteric fat thickness is a good correlate with cardiovascular risk factors: comparison with subcutaneous and preperitoneal fat thickness, magnetic resonance imaging and anthropometric indexes.Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27:1267–73. [DOI] [PubMed]
Huang N, Mao EW, Hou NN, Liu YP, Han F, Sun XD. Novel insight into perirenal adipose tissue: A neglected adipose depot linking cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease.World J Diabetes. 2020;11:115–25. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Chait A, den Hartigh LJ. Adipose Tissue Distribution, Inflammation and Its Metabolic Consequences, Including Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease.Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:22. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang D, Morton JI, Magliano DJ, Shaw JE. Comparison of subcutaneous, visceral, liver and muscle fat depots in relation to prevalent and incident diabetes.Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025;27:6304–13. [DOI] [PubMed]
Liu KH, Chan YL, Chan JCN, Chan WB. Association of carotid intima-media thickness with mesenteric, preperitoneal and subcutaneous fat thickness.Atherosclerosis. 2005;179:299–304. [DOI] [PubMed]
Karaevren TT, Yorulmaz R, Cerit M, Şendur HN, Kalafat B, Aydın GY, et al. Fatty pancreas disease in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients: a case-control study on relationships with glycemic control and exocrine function.Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2025;17:107. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Zheng B, Hu T, Yao J, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Shen H, et al. A Study on the Correlation Between Visceral Adiposity Index, Fatty Liver Index, and Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2025;18:3553–62. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Szekeres Z, Nagy A, Jahner K, Szabados E. Impact of Selected Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Serum Lipids, Adipose Tissue, and Muscle Metabolism—A Narrative Review.Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:8214. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ghobar F, Tarhini A, Osman Z, Sbeih S, Ghayda RA, Matar P, et al. GLP1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors for the prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus onset: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2025;16:1627909. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]