Exploration of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases

Table 2. Cardiovascular manifestations of endocrine hypertension.

Features	Primary aldosteronism	Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma	CS	Ref. No.
Hypertension pattern	Sustained, often resistant	Paroxysmal or sustained	Sustained, moderate-to-severe	[2, 6, 9, 41]
LV hypertrophy	Common	Variable	Common	[5, 8, 23, 45]
Systolic dysfunction	Rare	Acute (Takotsubo-like)	Present in advanced CS	[24–28, 45]
Diastolic dysfunction	Frequent	Common	Frequent	[3, 5, 46, 49]
Arrhythmias	AF	Ventricular and supraventricular	QT prolongation, AF	[14, 15, 29, 47]
Cardiomyopathy	Fibrotic, non-dilated	Catecholamine-induced, reversible	Concentric remodeling	[23, 25, 30, 45]
Vascular pathology	Endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness	Vasospasm, microvascular ischemia	Atherosclerosis, stiffness	[17, 23, 48, 50]

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AF: atrial fibrillation; CS: Cushing syndrome; LV: left ventricle. QT: interval between Q and T waves on electrocardiogram.

Declarations

Author contributions

MMŞ: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft. MK: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing. MY: Writing—review & editing. MCÇ: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft. LB: Supervision, Validation. YK: Supervision, Validation. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

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Funding

No financial funding was received for this study.

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