This table summarizes the sequential phases of rapid, transcription-independent corticosteroid signaling. Immediate membrane effects occur within seconds to minutes, followed by intracellular signaling cascades within minutes, and integration with genomic actions at 15 minutes or longer. See A phasic model of GRα non-genomic stress response for a detailed description. GRα: glucocorticoid receptor alpha; MR: mineralocorticoid receptor.
Declarations
Acknowledgments
This work is dedicated to Professor George P. Chrousos’s guidance and mentorship over the past twenty years and to Don Donati, Esq., for his steadfast support of academic freedom and research integrity.
AI-Assisted Work Statement: The content of Table 1 was synthesized from structured evidence obtained via the Consensus research platform and organized with editorial assistance from ChatGPT (OpenAI) to ensure clarity, consistency, and accurate citation. Preparation of the comparative analysis of Tables 2 and 3 was supported by insights derived from Consensus (https://consensus.app), a PubMed-linked AI research synthesis platform used to verify and update biomedical references, and ChatGPT (GPT-5, OpenAI, 2025), which assisted in drafting and formatting the table, integrating reference alignment, and refining academic clarity. Both tools were used exclusively to enhance scientific precision and presentation quality; all final interpretations and conclusions reflect the author’s independent critical analysis. After using the tool/service, author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.
Author contributions
GUM: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing—original draft, Project administration, Writing—review & editing. The author read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The author has no competing interests to declare or any real or perceived financial interest in any product or commodity mentioned in this paper.
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