Table Info

Table 2.

Roles of GRα in the regulation of organ and system functions

Organ/System	GRα regulation
Immune system	Modulates innate and adaptive immunity, ensuring a balanced immune response. Regulates macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, guiding pathogen and injury responses. Controls T and B cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production. Upregulates GILZ and annexinA1 to mitigate inflammation, facilitate macrophage clearance of apoptotic cells, and restore immune homeostasis.
Lymphatic system	Regulates lymphatic endothelial cell function, maintaining vessel integrity, permeability, and contractility. Enhances lymph flow and immune surveillance by modulating transporter and receptor expression, supporting effective immune response and antigen transport.
Central nervous system	Regulates the HPA axis, managing stress responses and restoring homeostasis. Modulates serotonergic and dopaminergic systems, affecting mood, cognition, and behavior. Influences synaptic transmission and neuronal plasticity, which are critical for memory and executive function. Supports brain metabolism by ensuring glucose availability during stress and recovery.
Peripheral nervous system	Modulates stress responses, influencing pain perception and inflammation. Supports nerve regeneration and repair, promoting recovery post-injury. Regulates the autonomic nervous system, maintaining heart rate, blood pressure, and gastrointestinal motility under stress.
Endocrine system	Influences cortisol production via the HPA axis, coordinating metabolic and immune responses. Regulates glucose homeostasis, thyroid, and reproductive hormones, ensuring hormonal balance during stress. Supports growth hormone balance and RAAS to maintain systemic equilibrium.
Cardiovascular system	Maintains vascular tone, blood pressure, and heart function. Promotes vasodilation through eNOS expression and prevents excessive vasoconstriction. Regulates cardiac glucose metabolism and ion channel function, preserving energy and rhythm. Mitigates oxidative stress and inflammation, preventing cardiovascular complications.
Endothelium	Preserves endothelial barrier integrity and glycocalyx, reducing inflammation and vascular permeability. Modulates nitric oxide production for vascular tone and supports angiogenesis and the repair of damaged vessels. Protects against oxidative stress, preventing atherosclerosis, hypertension, and dysfunction.
Lungs	Regulates immune responses, mitigating inflammation and preventing tissue damage. Supports tissue repair, bronchodilation, and surfactant production, ensuring airway integrity and efficient gas exchange. Preserves vascular integrity and facilitates recovery during conditions like asthma, COPD, and ARDS.
Kidneys	Regulates electrolyte balance and fluid homeostasis by modulating sodium channel expression in renal tubules. Maintains blood pressure and overall fluid balance through precise control of sodium and water reabsorption.
Liver	Enhances glucose metabolism through gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage. Regulates lipid metabolism, detoxification, and acute phase protein synthesis, boosting immune defense and managing inflammation. Works with IL-6 to coactivate the acute phase response during stress.
Gastrointestinal tract	Maintains gut integrity by controlling inflammation and promoting tissue repair. Modulates the gut microbiome, immune responses, motility, and nutrient absorption.
Pancreas	Regulates insulin production and glucose homeostasis by modulating pancreatic beta, alpha, and delta cells. Ensures proper hormone secretion during stress and fasting to maintain glucose balance.
Adipose tissue	Promotes lipolysis and regulates lipid storage and mobilization, ensuring energy availability during stress or fasting.
Muscle	Balances protein breakdown and synthesis, supporting gluconeogenesis and muscle repair. Modulates inflammation to preserve muscle function and resilience during stress and recovery.
Bone	Regulates bone remodeling by balancing osteoblast and osteoclast activity, maintaining bone density and structural integrity.
Skin	Modulates inflammatory responses, preventing excessive cytokine production. Protects the skin from infections and environmental stressors, ensuring immune defense and tissue integrity.

This table outlines some of the essential functions of GRα in various organs and systems under normal conditions. GRα plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis, modulating stress responses, and ensuring the proper functioning of vital physiological processes. This table was generated with the assistance of AI using GPT-4. ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; GILZ: glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper; GRα: glucocorticoid receptor alpha; HPA: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal; RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Supplementary materials

The supplementary tables for this article are available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/101426_sup_1.pdf.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

This work was previously published as a preprint. DOI: 10.20944/preprints202409.1823.v1. During the preparation of this work, the author used ChatGPT-4 to generate tables and Consensus and Google Scholar for the literature search. The author acknowledges the assistance of AI-powered tools (GPT-4) in the table’s (Table 1, 2, and 3) research, structuring, and refinement. The author reviewed and edited the content as needed and takes full responsibility for the content of the publication.

Author contributions

GUM: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

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Availability of data and materials

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Copyright

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