Table Info

Table 1.

The evolutionary development of homeostatic corrections

Number	Stage	Description	Key points	Approximate timeline	Reference
1	Ancient origins of steroid signaling	Evolution of steroid signaling pathways to regulate metabolism and stress responses in early vertebrates. These pathways allow organisms to manage energy resources and respond to environmental changes.	Primitive mechanisms for managing energy resources and responding to environmental changes. Crucial for survival.	Approximately 450–500 million years ago	[8]
2	Co-evolution with immune, inflammatory, and hemostatic responses	GR co-evolved with the immune system to regulate inflammation and prevent tissue damage. Hemostasis and inflammatory mechanisms evolved alongside, underscoring their interconnected roles.	Interaction between GR, NF-κB, AP-1, and hemostasis. Coordinated response to infection, wounds, and tissue protection.	Approximately 400–450 million years ago	[11]
3	Adaptation to diverse stressors	GR system evolved to manage a wide range of stressors, including infections, injuries, psychological, and metabolic stress.	GR as a master regulator. Integrates signals from various pathways to maintain homeostasis.	Approximately 300–350 million years ago	[5]
4	Integration with mitochondrial function	GR co-evolved with mitochondrial function, reflecting the role of energy production in stress response. Mitochondria contain GREs in mtDNA.	Mitochondria originated from symbiosis with proteobacteria. GR-mediated stress response integrated with energy metabolism. mtGREs directly influence mitochondrial gene expression and energy production.	Approximately 1.5–2 billion years ago (mitochondria origin), integration with GR: approximately 400 million years ago	[9]
5	Essential micronutrients and antioxidant systems	GR-mediated corrections rely on micronutrients and antioxidants incorporated into stress responses as organisms evolved more complex diets and metabolic systems.	Micronutrients provided a survival advantage in environments where oxidative stress and energy demands were high.	Approximately 400 million years ago	[10]

This table was generated with the assistance of AI using GPT-4. AP-1: activator protein 1; GR: glucocorticoid receptor; GREs: glucocorticoid response elements; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; mtGREs: mitochondrial GREs; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B

Supplementary materials

The supplementary tables for this article are available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/101426_sup_1.pdf.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

This work was previously published as a preprint. DOI: 10.20944/preprints202409.1823.v1. During the preparation of this work, the author used ChatGPT-4 to generate tables and Consensus and Google Scholar for the literature search. The author acknowledges the assistance of AI-powered tools (GPT-4) in the table’s (Table 1, 2, and 3) research, structuring, and refinement. The author reviewed and edited the content as needed and takes full responsibility for the content of the publication.

Author contributions

GUM: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest.

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