Exploration of Cardiology

Higher bioprosthesis deployment	Lower bioprosthesis deployment
Perivalvular regurgitation	Coronary ostial obstruction
TAVR embolization	Interference with the anterior mitral leaflet
	Damage to the conduction tissue

Declarations

Author contributions

MFC: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Validation, Supervision. GD: Formal analysis, Investigation. FC: Formal analysis, Investigation. LS: Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

The images are part of the SE 2030 study approved by the institutional ethics committees (291/294/295-Comitato Etico Lazio-1, 8 March 2021).

Consent to participate

Informed consent from the patients were obtained.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Relevant data can be provided on reasonable request.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

References

Brown JM, O’Brien SM, Wu C, Sikora JA, Griffith BP, Gammie JS. Isolated aortic valve replacement in North America comprising 108,687 patients in 10 years: changes in risks, valve types, and outcomes in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137:82–90. [DOI] [PubMed]

Onishi T, Sengoku K, Ichibori Y, Mizote I, Maeda K, Kuratani T, et al. The role of echocardiography in transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2018;8:3–17. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Rodriguez-Gabella T, Voisine P, Puri R, Pibarot P, Rodés-Cabau J. Aortic Bioprosthetic Valve Durability: Incidence, Mechanisms, Predictors, and Management of Surgical and Transcatheter Valve Degeneration. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:1013–28. [DOI] [PubMed]

Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, Milojevic M, Baldus S, Bauersachs J, et al.; ESC/EACTS Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:561–632. [DOI] [PubMed]

Nishimura RA, O’Gara PT, Bavaria JE, Brindis RG, Carroll JD, Kavinsky CJ, et al. 2019 AATS/ACC/ASE/SCAI/STS Expert Consensus Systems of Care Document: A Proposal to Optimize Care for Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Joint Report of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Cardiology, American Society of Echocardiography, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:2609–35. [DOI] [PubMed]

Tarantini G, Dvir D, Tang GHL. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in degenerated surgical aortic valves. EuroIntervention. 2021;17:709–19. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Kasel AM, Cassese S, Leber AW, von Scheidt W, Kastrati A. Fluoroscopy-guided aortic root imaging for TAVR: “follow the right cusp” rule. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:274–5. [DOI] [PubMed]

Vukadinovikj A, Baumgártner E, Bohmann K, Härter D, Wimmer-Greinecker G, Burgdorf C. Transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation versus surgical redo aortic root replacement in patients with degenerated freestyle aortic bioprosthesis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;97:1472–8. [DOI] [PubMed]

Kherallah RY, Koneru S, Krajcer Z, Preventza O, Dougherty KG, McCormack ML, et al. Hemodynamic outcomes after valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a single-center experience. Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2021;10:630–40. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

10.

Reul RM, Ramchandani MK, Reardon MJ. Transcatheter Aortic Valve-in-Valve Procedure in Patients with Bioprosthetic Structural Valve Deterioration. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2017;13:132–41. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

11.

Dvir D, Leipsic J, Blanke P, Ribeiro HB, Kornowski R, Pichard A, et al. Coronary obstruction in transcatheter aortic valve-in-valve implantation: preprocedural evaluation, device selection, protection, and treatment. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8:e002079. [DOI] [PubMed]

12.

Rahimtoola SH. The problem of valve prosthesis-patient mismatch. Circulation. 1978;58:20–4. [DOI] [PubMed]

13.

Pibarot P, Dumesnil JG. Prosthesis-patient mismatch: definition, clinical impact, and prevention. Heart. 2006;92:1022–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

14.

Ternacle J, Guimaraes L, Vincent F, Côté N, Côté M, Lachance D, et al. Reclassification of prosthesis-patient mismatch after transcatheter aortic valve replacement using predicted vs. measured indexed effective orifice area. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;22:11–20. [DOI] [PubMed]

15.

Kodali SK, Williams MR, Smith CR, Svensson LG, Webb JG, Makkar RR, et al.; PARTNER Trial Investigators. Two-year outcomes after transcatheter or surgical aortic-valve replacement. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1686–95. [DOI] [PubMed]

16.

Webb JG, Dvir D. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement for bioprosthetic aortic valve failure: the valve-in-valve procedure. Circulation. 2013;127:2542–50. [DOI] [PubMed]

17.

Petrov IS, Stankov ZI, Boychev DB. Valve Cracking Before Valve-In-Valve Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation to Treat Severe Paravalvular Leak. JACC Case Rep. 2021;3:875–81. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

18.

Kadri AN, Hanzel G, Elmariah S, Shannon F, Al-Azizi K, Boura J, et al. Invasive versus echocardiographic gradients in degenerated surgical aortic valve prostheses: A multicenter study. JTCVS Open. 2021;7:51–60. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

19.

Armstrong WF, Ryan MT. Feigenbaum’s Echocardiography: Ebook without Multimedia 8th Edition. LWW; 2018.

20.

McNamara DA, Chopra R, Decker JM, McNamara MW, VanOosterhout SM, Berkompas DC, et al. Comparison of Radiation Exposure Among Interventional Echocardiographers, Interventional Cardiologists, and Sonographers During Percutaneous Structural Heart Interventions. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e2220597. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

21.

Writing Committee Members; Hirshfeld JW Jr, Ferrari VA, Bengel FM, Bergersen L, Chambers CE, Einstein AJ, et al.; ACC Task Force On Expert Consensus Decision Pathways; Januzzi JL Jr, Afonso LC, Everett B, Hernandez AF, Hucker W, Jneid H, et al. 2018 ACC/HRS/NASCI/SCAI/SCCT Expert Consensus Document on Optimal Use of Ionizing Radiation in Cardiovascular Imaging-Best Practices for Safety and Effectiveness, Part 2: Radiological Equipment Operation, Dose-Sparing Methodologies, Patient and Medical Personnel Protection. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2018;92:222–46. [DOI] [PubMed]

22.

Rodés-Cabau J, Abbas AE, Serra V, Vilalta V, Nombela-Franco L, Regueiro A, et al. Balloon- vs Self-Expanding Valve Systems for Failed Small Surgical Aortic Valve Bioprostheses. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80:681–93. [DOI] [PubMed]

23.

Simonato M, Azadani AN, Webb J, Leipsic J, Kornowski R, Vahanian A, et al. In vitro evaluation of implantation depth in valve-in-valve using different transcatheter heart valves. EuroIntervention. 2016;12:909–17. [DOI] [PubMed]

24.

Ribeiro HB, Rodés-Cabau J, Blanke P, Leipsic J, Kwan Park J, Bapat V, et al. Incidence, predictors, and clinical outcomes of coronary obstruction following transcatheter aortic valve replacement for degenerative bioprosthetic surgical valves: insights from the VIVID registry. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:687–95. [DOI] [PubMed]

25.

Allen KB, Chhatriwalla AK, Saxon JT, Huded CP, Sathananthan J, Nguyen TC, et al. Bioprosthetic valve fracture: a practical guide. Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2021;10:564–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

26.

Attisano T, Bellino M, Vigorito F, Maione A, Ravera A, Pierri A, et al. Bioprosthetic Valve Fracture After TAVR Complicated by Balloon Rupture: Bail-Out TAVR in TAVR in SAVR. JACC Case Rep. 2022;4:1277–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

27.

Sreedharan S, Sellers SL, Ihdayhid AR, Landes U, Blanke P, Allen KB, et al. Bioprosthetic valve fracture to facilitate valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Struct Heart. 2021;5:24–38. [DOI]

28.

Tomii D, Okuno T, Lanz J, Stortecky S, Reineke D, Windecker S, et al. Valve-in-valve TAVI and risk of coronary obstruction: Validation of the VIVID classification. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2023;17:105–11. [DOI] [PubMed]

29.

Di Muro FM, Cirillo C, Esposito L, Silverio A, Ferruzzi GJ, D’Elia D, et al. Valve-in-Valve Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: From Pre-Procedural Planning to Procedural Scenarios and Possible Complications. J Clin Med. 2024;13:341. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

30.

Quagliana A, Montarello NJ, Willemen Y, Bække PS, Jørgensen TH, De Backer O, et al. Commissural Alignment and Coronary Access after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. J Clin Med. 2023;12:2136. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

31.

Tuzcu EM, Kapadia SR, Vemulapalli S, Carroll JD, Holmes DR Jr, Mack MJ, et al. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement of Failed Surgically Implanted Bioprostheses: The STS/ACC Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:370–82. [DOI] [PubMed]

32.

Hahn RT, Webb J, Pibarot P, Ternacle J, Herrmann HC, Suri RM, et al. 5-Year Follow-Up From the PARTNER 2 Aortic Valve-in-Valve Registry for Degenerated Aortic Surgical Bioprostheses. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2022;15:698–708. [DOI] [PubMed]

33.

Webb JG, Mack MJ, White JM, Dvir D, Blanke P, Herrmann HC, et al. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Within Degenerated Aortic Surgical Bioprostheses: PARTNER 2 Valve-in-Valve Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:2253–62. [DOI] [PubMed]

34.

Webb JG, Murdoch DJ, Alu MC, Cheung A, Crowley A, Dvir D, et al. 3-Year Outcomes After Valve-in-Valve Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement for Degenerated Bioprostheses: The PARTNER 2 Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:2647–55. [DOI] [PubMed]

35.

Wilbring M, Kappert U, Haussig S, Winata J, Matschke K, Mangner N, et al. Hemodynamic follow-up after valve-in-valve TAVR for failed aortic bioprosthesis. J Card Surg. 2022;37:4654–661. [DOI] [PubMed]

36.

Kappetein AP, Head SJ, Généreux P, Piazza N, van Mieghem NM, Blackstone EH, et al. Updated standardized endpoint definitions for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 consensus document. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:1438–54. [DOI] [PubMed]

37.

Bapat VN, Attia R, Thomas M. Effect of valve design on the stent internal diameter of a bioprosthetic valve: a concept of true internal diameter and its implications for the valve-in-valve procedure. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;7:115–27. [DOI] [PubMed]