Exploration of Cardiology

Table 1. Demographics and clinical characteristics of patients based on baseline characteristics and laboratory values.

Variables	Total (n = 378)	Non-LCOS (n = 257)	LCOS (n = 121)	p-value
Baseline characteristics
Age, median (IQR)	68.00 (62.00, 73.00)	68.00 (62.00, 73.00)	69.00 (61.00, 74.00)	0.364
Sex = 1 (%)	265 (70.1)	173 (67.3)	92 (76.0)	0.108
BMI, mean (SD)	24.00 (3.24)	24.28 (3.19)	23.41 (3.28)	0.015
Optime, median (IQR)	5.25 (4.50, 6.00)	5.25 (4.42, 6.00)	5.25 (4.67, 6.08)	0.355
Cpbtime, median (IQR)	139.00 (107.00, 168.00)	135.00 (107.00, 167.00)	145.00 (115.00, 172.00)	0.112
Actime, median (IQR)	97.50 (76.00, 121.00)	96.00 (76.00, 120.00)	103.00 (76.00, 126.00)	0.369
Laboratory indicators
Lac, median (IQR)	2.00 (1.30, 3.40)	1.80 (1.10, 2.90)	3.00 (1.60, 5.00)	<0.001
Total bilirubin, median (IQR)	11.00 (8.10, 15.07)	10.70 (7.90, 14.10)	12.40 (8.70, 17.10)	0.006
Indirect bilirubin, median (IQR)	7.80 (5.60, 11.07)	7.70 (5.50, 10.40)	8.80 (6.00, 11.60)	0.038
Direct bilirubin, median (IQR)	3.00 (2.20, 4.40)	2.80 (2.10, 4.00)	3.40 (2.50, 5.40)	<0.001
Total protein (mean, SD)	65.03 (6.05)	65.50 (5.74)	64.05 (6.59)	0.03
AMT, median (IQR)	22.52 (18.00, 28.01)	22.00 (18.00, 28.00)	23.75 (19.00, 28.94)	0.263
AAT, median (IQR)	19.75 (14.00, 30.00)	19.00 (14.00, 30.00)	20.00 (15.00, 31.00)	0.518
Preop_max_Cr, median (IQR)	80.80 (68.00, 94.63)	78.60 (67.30, 93.30)	85.50 (71.00, 104.00)	0.013
Globulin, median (IQR)	26.11 (23.30, 29.00)	26.10 (23.20, 29.00)	26.30 (23.30, 28.90)	0.914
Urea, median (IQR)	6.60 (5.30, 8.15)	6.30 (5.15, 7.90)	7.06 (5.90, 8.90)	0.003
Hemoglobin, median (IQR)	127.74 (119.23, 138.00)	128.00 (120.00, 138.00)	127.00 (118.54, 138.00)	0.553
WBC, median (IQR)	6.43 (5.46, 7.40)	6.35 (5.43, 7.32)	6.74 (5.48, 7.87)	0.067
PLT, median (IQR)	180.80 (143.25, 216.00)	181.00 (145.00, 215.00)	180.00 (138.00, 219.00)	0.779
Lymphocyte, mean (SD)	24.57 (8.19)	25.38 (7.91)	22.86 (8.55)	0.005
Neutrophil, median (IQR)	63.35 (57.62, 69.80)	63.10 (57.00, 68.80)	64.80 (59.60, 73.90)	0.025
LDL, median (IQR)	2.19 (1.81, 2.73)	2.24 (1.82, 2.77)	2.14 (1.78, 2.61)	0.256
TSH, median (IQR)	2.32 (1.60, 3.43)	2.36 (1.66, 3.43)	2.26 (1.42, 3.25)	0.191
Thyroxine, median (IQR)	97.16 (87.92, 107.06)	98.31 (88.14, 107.52)	95.28 (87.39, 104.77)	0.228
Triiodothyronine, median (IQR)	1.27 (1.11, 1.42)	1.31 (1.12, 1.44)	1.20 (1.03, 1.37)	0.002
Concomitant procedures
AVS = 1 (%)	136 (36.0)	100 (38.9)	36 (29.8)	0.106
MVS = 1 (%)	189 (50.0)	119 (46.3)	70 (57.9)	0.047
TVS = 1 (%)	121 (32.0)	78 (30.4)	43 (35.5)	0.373
AS = 1 (%)	45 (11.9)	33 (12.8)	12 (9.9)	0.517
CHS = 1 (%)	9 (2.4)	7 (2.7)	2 (1.7)	0.783
Other = 1 (%)	91 (24.1)	51 (19.8)	40 (33.1)	0.007

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Males and patients with LCOS are represented as numbers (%), and other variables are represented as median (IQR). IQR: interquartile range; BMI: body mass index; SD: standard deviation; Optime: operating time; Cpbtime: cardiopulmonary bypass time; actime: aortic clamping time; Lac: lactate; AMT: aminomethyltransferase; AAT: alpha-1 antitrypsin; preop_max_Cr: preoperative maximum creatinine; WBC: white blood cell; PLT: platelet; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone; AVS: aortic valve surgery; MVS: mitral valve surgery; TVS: tricuspid valve surgery; AS: aortic surgery; CHS: congenital heart disease surgery.

Supplementary materials

The supplementary figures and tables for this article are available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/1012111_sup_1.pdf.

Declarations

Author contributions

EDKF and JW: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Writing—original draft. SHS: Writing—original draft. TF: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software. ZGK, DKN, ESN, and EJI: Writing—review & editing. WY, LH, and JZ: Writing—review & editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Our study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and postoperative ethical standards. The ethics committee of the Nanjing First Hospital approved this study (Grant No. KY20220518-KS-01).

Consent to participate

As a retrospective study, the need for written informed consent of participants was waived by the ethics committee of the Nanjing First Hospital. Our study did not border on confidential information as pertains to patients.

Consent to publication

Availability of data and materials

The data supporting this studyʼs findings are available from the corresponding author, [Jianjun Zou], upon reasonable request.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [81873954, 82173899], Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China [BK20241730], the Six Talent Peaks Project of Jiangsu [WSW-106], Nanjing Medical Science and Technical Development Foundation [ZKX22030], and Jiangsu Pharmaceutical Association [H202108, A2021024, Q202202, and JY202207]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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