Exploration of Foods and Foodomics

Table 4. Rapid visco analyzer (RVA) pasting properties of wheat-sacha inchi composite flour formulations at varying levels of sacha inchi substitution.

Formulation	Peak viscosity (cP)	Trough viscosity (cP)	Breakdown viscosity (cP)	Final viscosity (cP)	Setback viscosity (cP)	Peak time (min)	Pasting temperature (°C)
Control	3,700 ± 80^a	1,910 ± 90^a	1,790 ± 60^a	3,470 ± 30^a	1,600 ± 300^a	5.50 ± 0.50^a	67.80 ± 0.90^a
F1	3,010 ± 90^b	1,690 ± 20^b	1,320 ± 70^ab	3,040 ± 30^a	1,350 ± 10^b	5.80 ± 0.10^a	67.70 ± 0.10^a
F2	2,580 ± 50^c	1,500 ± 50^c	1,080 ± 30^bc	2,750 ± 40^a	1,250 ± 10^c	5.80 ± 0.10^a	68.50 ± 0.10^a
F3	2,260 ± 30^d	1,370 ± 70^cd	890 ± 70^cd	2,530 ± 80^a	1,160 ± 40^d	5.90 ± 0.10^a	69.40 ± 0.90^a
F4	1,940 ± 30^e	820 ± 60^d	760 ± 50^d	2,320 ± 80^a	1,140 ± 20^d	5.90 ± 0.10^a	81.80 ± 0.50^b
F5	1,670 ± 30^f	1,050 ± 10^d	440 ± 30^d	2,050 ± 20^a	1,000 ± 10^e	5.90 ± 0.00^a	80.00 ± 10.00^b

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Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Means with different superscript letters within the same column are significantly different (p < 0.05).

Declarations

Author contributions

AFA: Writing—original draft, Formal analysis, Data curation. MER: Visualization, Software. AHAA: Methodology, Conceptualization. YNAM: Resources. RK: Writing—review & editing. MSS: Validation, Conceptualization. NRP: Visualization, Validation, Formal analysis. AAP: Resources. HM: Writing—review & editing, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Funding

This research was funded by the Universiti Malaysia Sabah Research Grant (Grant No. GUG0633-2/2023 and DN22104). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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