Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Superscript letters indicate statistically significant differences among formulations within the same column, as determined by Tukey’s test at p < 0.05.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Funding
This research was funded by the Universiti Malaysia Sabah Research Grant (Grant No. GUG0633-2/2023 and DN22104). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
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