Exploration of Foods and Foodomics

Table 2. Summary of the different technologies’ effect on allergenicity.

Technology	Mechanism	Conditions	Findings	References
High-pressure processing (HPP)	Alters protein structure via pressure	100–800 MPa, 5–30 min, room temp	Can reduce allergenicity, but effects vary by protein type	[55, 59–61]
Cold plasma (CP)	Oxidizes proteins via ROS/RNS	Room temp, 1–15 min exposure	Reduces IgE/IgG binding; promising but costly and not fully understood	[45]
Ultrasound (US)	Cavitation breaks peptide bonds	20–40 kHz, 10–60 min	Reduces allergenicity but may affect food quality	[57]
Pulsed electric field (PEF)	Alter secondary/tertiary protein structures	10–40 kV/cm, microsecond pulses	Promising but under-researched	[44]
Gamma irradiation	Breaks covalent bonds and generates radicals	1–10 kGy	Effective at high doses, but regulatory and consumer concerns exist	[58]

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IgE: immunoglobulin E; IgG: immunoglobulin G.

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Acknowledgments

During the preparation of this work, the authors used PaperPal Advanced AI for grammar and clarity checking. Elicit for literature search, and Claude (Anthropic) for manuscript revision and structural reorganization. After using these tools, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.

Author contributions

PS: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Resources, Project administration, Formal analysis, Writing—review & editing, Visualization. YW: Investigation, Software, Writing—original draft, Visualization. VR: Supervision, Funding acquisition, Resources, Formal analysis, Project administration, Conceptualization. The authors have read and approved the submitted version.

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The authors declare no conflicts of interest in this manuscript.

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As a narrative review of previously published literature, this study generated or analyzed no new data.

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This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). The funder(s) had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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