Data are presented as median (interquartile range). Mann-Whitney U test was used. ICS-containing therapies included budesonide, fluticasone, beclomethasone, and fixed-dose ICS combinations. CHG: cholesterol-glucose; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; ICS: inhaled corticosteroid; TyG: triglyceride-glucose.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethical approval
This study was approved by the Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Eskişehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine (Decision No. 29, dated June 16, 2026). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent to participate
Informed consent to publication was obtained from relevant participants.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
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