Exploration of Asthma & Allergy

Table 3. Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).

Associated autoimmune conditions	Evidence type	Reported cases (n)	Time to onset	Key findings
Fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus	Case reports	1	~20 days	Undetectable C-peptide; absence of islet antibodies
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis	Cohort study	≥ 4	1 year	anti-TPO, anti-TG
Systemic lupus erythematosus	Retrospective chart analysis	1	1 year	High-titer ANA, +dsDNA Distinguished from SJS/TEN-like lupus erythematosus
Sjögren’s syndrome	Retrospective chart analysis	≥ 3	2 months to 12 years	Sicca symptoms; +SSA, +SSB
ANA seroconversion	Cohort study	6	Months	New ANA positivity

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ANA: antinuclear antibody; anti-TPO: anti-thyroperoxidase; anti-TG: anti-thyroglobulin; C-peptide: connecting peptide; dsDNA: double-stranded DNA; SJS: Stevens-Johnson syndrome; SSA: Sjögren’s-syndrome-related antigen A; TEN: toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Declarations

Author contributions

DAS: Conceptualization, Investigation, Supervision. LPW: Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. KW: Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. MH: Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

No datasets were generated for this study.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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