Exploration of Neuroscience

Table 1. Plant extracts with AChEI activity and their IC₅₀ value

Plant	Family	Plant part	Type of fraction/extract	IC₅₀ (μg/mL)	Positive control (IC₅₀)	References
Citharexylum spinosum L.	Verbenaceae	Leaf	Hexane-benzene fraction	0.08	Donepezil (0.05 μg/mL)	[57]
Myrciaria floribunda	Myrtaceae	Fruit peel	Essential oil	0.08	Neostigmine (23.3 μg/mL)	[58]
Carpolobia lutea G. Don	Polygalaceae	Root	Ethyl acetate fraction	0.3	Physostigmine (0.2 μg/mL)	[59]
Lannea schweinfurthii Engl.	Anacardiaceae	Root	Ethyl acetate extract	0.3	Galantamine (0.05 μg/mL)	[60]
Scadoxus puniceus (L.) Friis & Nordal	Anacardiaceae	Bulb	Ethyl acetate extract	0.3	Galantamine (0.05 μg/mL)	[60]
Xysmalobium undulatum (L.) W. T. Aiton	Apocynaceae	Root	Ethyl acetate extract	0.5	Galantamine (0.05 μg/mL)	[60]
Citharexylum spinosum L.	Verbenaceae	Leaf	n-Butanol fraction	0.6	Donepezil (0.05 μg/mL)	[57]
Huperzia tetragona (Hook. & Grev.) Trevis	Lycopodiaceae	Aerial parts	Alkaloidal fraction	0.9	Donepezil (0.036 μg/mL)	[61]
Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl.	Rutaceae	Stem	Alkaloidal fraction	1.6	Galantamin (1.7 µM)	[62]
Citharexylum spinosum L.	Verbenaceae	Leaf	Hydro-alcohol (50%) fraction	1.86	Donepezil (0.05 μg/mL)	[57]
Rumex acetosa L.	Polygonaceae	Leaf	Hydro alcohol extract	1.93	Not mentioned	[63]
Carpolobia lutea G. Don	Polygalaceae	Root	Aqueous fraction	2.0	Physostigmine (0.2 μg/mL)	[59]
Crinum Bulbispermum (Burm. f.) Milne-Redh. & Schweick.	Amaryllidaceae	Bulb	Ethyl acetate extract	2.1	Galantamine (0.05 μg/mL)	[60]
Citharexylum spinosum L.	Verbenaceae	Leaf	Chloroform fraction	2.26	Donepezil (0.05 μg/mL)	[57]
Morus alba L.	Moraceae	Root-bark	Ethyl acetate fraction	2.5	Berberine (0.13 mg/mL)	[64]
Angelica decursiva (Miq.) Franch. & Sav.	Apiaceae	Whole plant	Aqueous fraction	2.6	Berberine (0.07 μg/mL)	[65]
Crinum moorei Hook.f.	Amaryllidaceae	Bulb	Dichloromethane fraction	2.9	Galantamine (0.33 μg/mL)	[66]
Geissospermum laeve (Vell.) Miers	Apocynaceae	Stem bark	Indole Alkaloids	2.9	Physostigmine (6.61 μg/mL)	[67]
Carpolobia lutea G. Don	Polygalaceae	Root	Methanolic extract	3.0	Physostigmine (0.2 μg/mL)	[59]
Citharexylum spinosum L.	Verbenaceae	Leaf	Hexane fraction	3.57	Donepezil (0.05 μg/mL)	[57]
Taraxacum officinale L. Weber ex F.H. Wigg	Asteraceae	Leaf	Hydro alcohol extract	4.27	Not mentioned	[63]
Hypericum perforatum L.	Hypericaceae	Aerial parts	Hydro alcohol extract	4.32	Not mentioned	[63]
Citharexylum spinosum L.	Verbenaceae	Leaf	Ethyl acetate fraction	4.8	Donepezil (0.05 μg/mL)	[57]
Buchanania axillaris (Desr.) Ramamoorthy	Anacardiaceae	Aerial parts	90% methanol fraction	4.96	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[68]
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	Lamiaceae	Root	Ethanolic extract	5.0	Not mentioned	[69]
Huperzia serrata	Lycopodiaceae	Aerial parts	Alkaloidal fraction	5.96	Donepezil (0.02 μg/mL)	[70]
Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Bth.ex Kurz	Apocyanaceae	Root	n-Butanol fraction	5.99	Galantamine (0.63 μg/mL)	[71]
Angelica decursiva (Miq.) Franch. & Sav.	Apiaceae	Whole plant	Buthanolic fraction	6.0	Berberine (0.07 μg/mL)	[65]
Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl.	Rutaceae	Stem	Hexanic fraction	6.0	Galantamin (1.7 µM)	[62]
Horsfieldia tomentosa (Warb)	Myristicaceae	Fruit	Ethyl acetate extract	6	Eserine (27.53 μg/mL)	[72]
Byrsonima sericea DC.	Malpighiaceae	Pulp/Peel	Ethanol extract	6.02	Galantamine (1.02 μg/mL)	[73]
Colocasia antiquorum Schott	Araceae	Tubers	Petroleum ether fraction	6.4	Galantamine (0.33 μg/mL)	[66]
Byrsonima sericea DC.	Malpighiaceae	Seed	Ethanol extract	6.64	Galantamine (1.02 μg/mL)	[73]
Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Bth.ex Kurz	Apocyanaceae	Root	Ethanol extract	7.46	Galantamine (0.63 μg/mL)	[71]
Berberis aetnensis C. Presl	Berberidaceae	Root	Methanolic fraction	7.6	Physostigmine (0.00017)	[74]
Colocasia antiquorum Schott	Araceae	Tubers	50% methanol fraction	7.9	Galantamine (0.33 μg/mL)	[66]
Paeonia lactiflora Pall.	Ranunculaceae	Root	Ethanolic extract	8.0	Not mentioned	[69]
Pycnostachys reticulata (E.Mey.) Benth.	Lamiaceae	Root	Ethanol extract	8.8	Galantamine (0.33 μg/mL)	[66]
Marrubium vulgare L.	Lamiaceae	Leaf	Hydro alcohol extract	8.92	Not mentioned	[63]
Spatholobus suberectus Dunn.	Leguminosae	Stem	Ethanolic extract	9.0	Not mentioned	[69]
Byrsonima sericea DC.	Malpighiaceae	Seed	Hexane extract	9.04	Galantamine (1.02 μg/mL)	[73]
Horsfieldia tomentosa (Warb)	Myristicaceae	Fruit	n-Hexane non-soluble fraction	9.1	Eserine (27.53 μg/mL)	[72]
Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby	Leguminosae	Leaf	Ethyl acetate fraction	9.4	Berberine (0.07 mg/mL)	[75]
Angelica decursiva (Miq.) Franch. & Sav.	Apiaceae	Whole plant	Ethyl acetate fraction	9.7	Berberine (0.07 μg/mL)	[65]
Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby	Leguminosae	Leaf	Buthanolic fraction	9.9	Berberine (0.07 mg/mL)	[75]
Zanthoxylum davyi Waterm.	Rutaceae	Root	Methanolic extract	10	Galantamine (0.05 μg/mL)	[60]
Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil.	Rubiaceae	Stem	Total alkaloids	10.8	Huperzine A (0.074 μg/mL)	[76]
Byrsonima sericea DC.	Malpighiaceae	Pulp/Peel	Hexane extract	10.92	Galantamine (1.02 μg/mL)	[73]
Hypericum heterophyllum Vent.	Hypericaceae	Leaf	Acetone extract	11.07	Not mentioned	[77]
Ziziphus mucronata Willd.	Rhamnaceae	Root	Ethyl acetate extract	11.2	Galantamine (0.05 μg/mL)	[60]
Morus alba L.	Moraceae	Root-bark	Methanolic extract	11.4	Berberine (0.13 mg/mL)	[64]
Zanthoxylum davyi Waterm.	Rutaceae	Root	Ethyl acetate extract	11.6	Galantamine (0.05 μg/mL)	[60]
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.	Nelumbonaceae	Leaf	Total alkaloids	12.2	Huperzine A (0.074 μg/mL)	[78]
Buchanania axillaris (Desr.) Ramamoorthy	Anacardiaceae	Aerial parts	Chloroform fraction	12.29	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[68]
Hypericum heterophyllum Vent.	Hypericaceae	Leaf	Chloroform extract	12.33	Not mentioned	[77]
Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby	Leguminosae	Leaf	Chloroform fraction	12.7	Berberine (0.07 mg/mL)	[75]
Polygonum multiflorum Thunb	Polygonaceae	Root	Aqueous extract	13.0	Not mentioned	[69]
Centauricum erythrea Rafn.	Gentianaceae	Aerial parts	Hydro alcohol extract	13.11	Not mentioned	[63]
Morus alba L.	Moraceae	Root-bark	Chloroform fraction	13.4	Berberine (0.13 mg/mL)	[64]
Horsfieldia tomentosa (Warb)	Myristicaceae	Fruit	Methanol extract	13.5	Eserine (27.53 μg/mL)	[72]
Angelica decursiva (Miq.) Franch. & Sav.	Apiaceae	Whole plant	Chloroform fraction	13.7	Berberine (0.07 μg/mL)	[65]
Ceratonia siliqua L.	Fabaceae	Fruit	Hydro alcohol extract	13.9	Not mentioned	[63]
Hypericum heterophyllum Vent.	Hypericaceae	Leaf	Ethanol extract	13.99	Not mentioned	[77]
Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby	Leguminosae	Leaf	Aqueous fraction	14.5	Berberine (0.07 mg/mL)	[75]
Crinum Bulbispermum (Burm. f.) Milne-Redh. & Schweick.	Amaryllidacea	Bulb	Methanolic extract	14.8	Galantamine (0.05 μg/mL)	[60]
Scabiosa arenaria Forssk.	Caprifoliaceae	Stem and Leaf	Ethyl acetate fraction	16	Eserine (0.003 μg/mL)	[79]
Hypericum heterophyllum Vent.	Hypericaceae	Leaf	Methanol extract	16.32	Not mentioned	[77]
Angelica decursiva (Miq.) Franch. & Sav.	Apiaceae	Whole plant	Methanolic extract	16.6	Berberine (0.07 μg/mL)	[65]
Berberis vulgaris L.	Berberidaceae	Fruit	Hydro alcohol extract	16.8	Not mentioned	[63]
Glycyrrhiza glabra L.	Fabaceae	Stem	Hydro alcohol extract	16.8	Not mentioned	[63]
Berberis libanotica Ehrenb. ex C.K. Schneid.	Berberidaceae	Root	Methanolic fraction	16.9	Physostigmine (0.00017)	[74]
Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC.	Rutaceae	Root	Total alkaloids	17.4	Huperzine A (0.074 μg/mL)	[76]
Pavetta indica L.	Rubiaceae	Aerial parts	Methanolic extract	17.8	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[80]
Zephyranthes carinata Herb.	Amaryllidaceae	Bulb	Alkaloidal fraction	18.0	Galantamine (1.55 μg/mL)	[81]
Hippeastrum hybridum	Amaryllidaceae	Whole plant	70 % methanol extract	18.1	Not mentioned	[82]
Crinum jagus (J. Thomps.) Dandy	Amaryllidaceae	Bulb	Alkaloidal fraction	18.3	Galantamine (1.55 μg/mL)	[81]
Annona Squamosa L.	Annonaceae	Pulp	Methanol extract	18.82	Physostigmine (1.15 μg/mL)	[83]
Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms	Passifloraceae	Root	Ethyl acetate extract	18.9	Galantamine (0.05 μg/mL)	[60]
Crinum moorei Hook.f.	Amaryllidaceae	Bulb	Petroleum ether extract	18.9	Galantamine (0.33 μg/mL)	[66]
Crataegus monogyna Jacq.	Rosaceae	Fruit	Hydro alcohol extract	19	Not mentioned	[63]
Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. ex Krauss	Anacardiaceae	Stem bark	Methanol extract	20	Galantamine (0.37 μg/mL)	[84]
Paeonia lactiflora Pall.	Ranunculaceae	Root	Aqueous extract	20.0	Not mentioned	[69]
Rumex hastatus D. Don	Polygonaceae	Whole plant	Flavonoid fraction	20.0	Galantamine (20.0 μg/mL)	[85]
Horsfieldia tomentosa (Warb)	Myristicaceae	Fruit	n-Hexane soluble fraction	21.2	Eserine (27.53 μg/mL)	[72]
Crinum moorei Hook.f.	Amaryllidaceae	Bulb	50% methanol extract	21.5	Galantamine (0.33 μg/mL)	[66]
Berberis libanotica Ehrenb. ex C.K. Schneid.	Berberidaceae	Root	Methanolic extract	21.7	Physostigmine (0.00017)	[74]
Searsia mysorensis (G. Don) Moffett.	Anacardiaceae	Aerial parts	90% methanol	21.73	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[68]
Annona Squamosa L.	Annonaceae	Seed	Methanol extract	22.31	Physostigmine (1.15 μg/mL)	[83]
Crinum moorei Hook.f.	Amaryllidaceae	Bulb	Ethanol extract	22.5	Galantamine (0.33 μg/mL)	[66]
Huperzia squarrosa (G. Forst.) Trevis.	Lycopodiaceae	Aerial parts	Ethyl acetate fraction	23.4	Berberine chloride (0.28 μg/mL)	[86]
Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Bth.ex Kurz	Apocyanaceae	Root	Ethyl acetate fraction	23.62	Galantamine (0.63 μg/mL)	[71]
Berberis aetnensis C. Presl	Berberidaceae	Root	Alkaloidal fraction	24.5	Physostigmine (0.00017)	[74]
Cissampelos sympodialis Eichler	Menispermaceae	Root	Alkaloidal fraction	25.19	Physostigmine (1.15 μg/mL)	[87]
Ochna obtusata DC.	Ochnaceae	Aerial parts	Chloroform fraction	25.7	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[80]
Fraxinus excelsior L.	Oleaceae	Fruit	Hydro alcohol extract	26	Not mentioned	[63]
Gossypium herbaceum L.	Malvaceae	Flower	Hydroalcoholic extracts	28.1	Huperzine A (0.01 μg/mL)	[88]
Hippeastrum barbatum Herb	Amaryllidaceae	Bulb	Alkaloid fraction	28.1	Galantamine (1.55 μg/mL)	[81]
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult.	Apocynaceae	Aerial parts	Chloroform fraction	28.14	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[68]
Pycnostachys reticulata (E.Mey.) Benth.	Lamiaceae	Root	50% methanol extract	28.8	Galantamine (0.33 μg/mL)	[66]
Scabiosa arenaria Forssk.	Caprifoliaceae	Stem and Leaf	Buthanolic fraction	29.0	Eserine (0.003 μg/mL)	[79]
Sarcocephalus latifolius (sm.)	Rubiaceae	Fruit	Fatty acid methyl esters	29.14	Donepenzil (127.70 μg/mL)	[89]
Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby	Leguminosae	Leaf	Methanolic fraction	29.2	Berberine (0.07 mg/mL)	[75]
Portulaca oleracea L.	Portulacaceae	Upper part	Total alkaloids	29.4	Huperzine A (0.074 μg/mL)	[76]
Salsola kali subsp. tragus (L.) C^ˇelak.	Amaranthaceae	Aerial parts	Tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids	30.2	Physostigmine (0.2 μg/mL)	[90]
Ficus sur Forssk.	Moraceae	Fruit	Ethyl acetate extract	31.9	Galantamine (0.05 μg/mL)	[60]
Rumex hastatus D. Don	Polygonaceae	Aerial parts	Essential oils	32.5	Galantamine (4.73 μg/mL)	[91]
Rumex hastatus D. Don	Polygonaceae	Aerial parts	Essential oils	32.5	Galantamine (20.0 μg/mL)	[91]
Acalypha alnifolia Klein ex Willd.	Euphorbiaceae	Aerial parts	Chloroform fraction	32.9	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[80]
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.	Nelumbonaceae	Embryo	Buthanolic fraction	33.2	Eserine (0.02 μg/mL)	[92]
Olax nana Wall. ex Benth.	Olacaceae	Leaf	Methanolic extract	33.2	Galantamine (19.26 μg/mL)	[93]
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre.	Polygonaceae	Whole plant	Hexanic fraction	35.0	Galantamine (0.1 μg/mL)	[94]
Zizipus lotus (L.) Lam	Rhamnaceae	Fruit	Hydro alcohol extract	35	Not mentioned	[63]
Berberis aetnensis C. Presl	Berberidaceae	Root	Hexanic fraction	36.5	Physostigmine (0.00017)	[74]
Morus alba L.	Moraceae	Root-bark	Buthanolic fraction	36.6	Berberine (0.13 mg/mL)	[64]
Petiveria alliaceae L.	Phytolaccaceae	Leaf	Methanol extract	36.6	Eserine (0.11 μg/mL)	[95]
Aloe ferox Mill.	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Leaf	Petroleum ether fraction	37.7	Galantamine (0.33 μg/mL)	[66]
Zephyranthes minuta (Kunth) D.Dietr.	Amaryllidaceae	Bulb	Amaryllidaceae alkaloids	39.2	Galantamine (6.9 μg/mL)	[96]
Crinum Bulbispermum (Burm. f.) Milne-Redh. & Schweick.	Amaryllidaceae	Root	Ethyl acetate extract	39.3	Galantamine (0.05 μg/mL)	[60]
Huperzia brevifolia (Grev. & Hook.) Holub	Lycopodiaceae	Aerial parts	Alkaloidal fraction	39.6	Donepezil (0.036 μg/mL)	[61]
Illicium verum Hook.f.	Schisandraceae	Fruit	Essential oil	39.89	Galantamine (10.14 μg/mL)	[97]
Wedelia chinensis	Asteraceae	Whole	aqueous fraction	40.02	Donepenzil (9.21 μg/mL)	[98]
Piper capense L. f.	Piperaceae	Root	Ethyl acetate extract	40.7	Galantamine (0.05 μg/mL)	[60]
Searsia mysorensis (G. Don) Moffett.	Anacardiaceae	Aerial parts	Chloroform fraction	41.35	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[68]
Morus alba L.	Moraceae	Root-bark	Aqueous fraction	43.0	Berberine (0.13 mg/mL)	[64]
Nonea micrantha Bioss. & Reut	Boraginaceae	Whole	Hexane fraction	44	Galantamine (0.1 μg/mL)	[99]
Illicium verum Hook.f.	Schisandraceae	Fruit	Butanol fraction	44.94	Galantamine (10.14 μg/mL)	[97]
Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb	Elaeagnaceae	Fruit	Essential oil	48	Galantamine (25 μg/mL)	[100]
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult.	Apocynaceae	Aerial parts	90% methanol extract	48.64	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[68]
Jatropha gossypifolia L.	Euphorbiaceae	Leaf	Methanol extract	50	Galantamine (0.37 μg/mL)	[101]
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	Lamiaceae	Root	Aqueous extract	50.0	Not mentioned	[69]
Huperzia squarrosa (G. Forst.) Trevis.	Lycopodiaceae	Aerial parts	Buthanolic fraction	50.1	Berberine chloride (0.28 μg/mL)	[86]
Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl.	Rutaceae	Stem	Ethanolic extract	50.7	Galantamin (1.7 µM)	[62]
Scabiosa arenaria Forssk.	Caprifoliaceae	Flower	Ethyl acetate fraction	51.0	Eserine (0.003 μg/mL)	[79]
Pinus heldreichii Christ	Pinaceae	Needle	Essential oil	51.1	Galantamine (0.3 μg/mL)	[102]
Pavetta indica L.	Rubiaceae	Aerial parts	Chloroform fraction	52.1	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[80]
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre.	Polygonaceae	Whole plant	Chloroform fraction	55.0	Galantamine (0.1 μg/mL)	[94]
Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino	Araceae	Tuber	Total alkaloids	56.2	Huperzine A (0.074 μg/mL)	[76]
Wedelia chinensis	Asteraceae	Whole	Ethylacetate fraction	57.76	Donepenzil (9.21 μg/mL)	[98]
Illicium verum Hook.f.	Schisandraceae	Fruit	Hydro-alcoholic extract	58.67	Galantamine (10.14 μg/mL)	[97]
Acalypha alnifolia Klein ex Willd.	Euphorbiaceae	Aerial parts	Methanolic extract	59.2	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[80]
Carpolobia lutea G. Don	Polygalaceae	Leaf	Chloroform fraction	60	Physostigmine (0.2 μg/mL)	[59]
Pavetta indica L.	Rubiaceae	Aerial parts	Buthanolic fraction	60.1	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[80]
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.	Nelumbonaceae	Embryo	Ethylacetate fraction	61.1	Eserine (0.02 μg/mL)	[92]
Sanguinaria candensis L.	Papaveraceae	Whole plant (during flowering)	Ethyl acetate extract	61.24	Galantamine (0.42 μg/mL)	[103]
Huperzia compacta (Hook.) Trevis.	Lycopodiaceae	Aerial parts	Alkaloid fraction	62.4	Donepezil (0.036 μg/mL)	[61]
Aloe ferox Mill.	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Leaf	Dichloromethane fraction	62.6	Galantamine (0.33 μg/mL)	[66]
Salsola soda L.	Amaranthaceae	Aerial parts	Tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids	64.1	Physostigmine (0.2 μg/mL)	[90]
Acalypha alnifolia Klein ex Willd.	Euphorbiaceae	Aerial parts	Aqueous fraction	64.8	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[80]
Polygonum multiflorum Thunb	Polygonaceae	Root	Ethanolic extract	65	Not mentioned	[69]
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.	Nelumbonaceae	Embryo	Chloroform fraction	67.3	Eserine (0.02 μg/mL)	[92]
Buchanania axillaris (Desr.) Ramamoorthy	Anacardiaceae	Aerial parts	n-Butanol fraction	67.51	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[68]
Peganum harmala L.	Zygophyllaceae	Seed	Methanolic fraction	68.0	Galantamine (9.4 μg/mL)	[65]
Atriplex laciniata L.	Amaranthaceae	Whole plant	Flavonoid fraction	70.0	Galantamine (52.0 μg/mL)	[104]
Salsola oppositifolia Desf.	Amaranthaceae	Aerial parts	Tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids	70.0	Physostigmine (0.2 μg/mL)	[90]
Scabiosa arenaria Forssk.	Caprifoliaceae	Flower	Buthanolic fraction	74.0	Eserine (0.003 μg/mL)	[79]
Rumex hastatus D. Don	Polygonaceae	Whole plant	Chloroform fraction	75.0	Galantamine (20.0 μg/mL)	[85]
Sophora mollis (Royle) Graham ex Baker	Fabaceae	Leaf	Methanol extract	75.9	Galantamine (< 1.0 μg/mL)	[105]
Ruprechtia apetala Wedd.	Polygonaceae	Aerial parts	Ethanol or hexane	77.9	Physostigmine (2.8 μg/mL)	[106]
Scabiosa arenaria Forssk.	Caprifoliaceae	Flower	Methanolic extract	80.0	Eserine (0.003 μg/mL)	[79]
Senna alata (L.) Roxb.	Leguminosae	Leaf	Ethyl acetate extract	80	Galantamine (0.37 μg/mL)	[101]
Carpolobia lutea G. Don	Polygalaceae	Leaf	Ethanolic fraction	81.0	Physostigmine (0.2 μg/mL)	[59]
Ochna obtusata DC.	Ochnaceae	Aerial parts	Methanolic extract	82.2	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[80]
Berberis libanotica Ehrenb. ex C.K. Schneid.	Berberidaceae	Root	Alkaloidal extract	82.4	Physostigmine (0.00017)	[74]
Searsia mysorensis (G. Don) Moffett.	Anacardiaceae	Aerial parts	n-Butanol fraction	83.55	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[68]
Illicium verum Hook.f.	Schisandraceae	Fruit	Ethyl acetate fraction	83.75	Galantamine (10.14 μg/mL)	[97]
Aloe ferox Mill.	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Leaf	50% methanol extract	84.0	Galantamine (0.33 μg/mL)	[66]
Spatholobus suberectus Dunn.	Leguminosae	Stem	Aqueous extract	85	Not mentioned	[69]
Marrubium alysson L.	Lamiaceae	Whole plant	Methanol extract	89.31	Donepenzil (3.38 μg/mL)	[107]
Atriplex laciniata L.	Amaranthaceae	Whole plant	Saponin fraction	90.0	Galantamine (52.0 μg/mL)	[104]
Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. Ex Royle	Ranunculaceae	Leaf	Ethanolic extract	91	Galantamine	[108]
Wedelia chinensis	Asteraceae	Whole	Crude methanol extract	93.64	Donepenzil (9.21 μg/mL)	[98]
Searsia mysorensis (G. Don) Moffett.	Anacardiaceae	Aerial parts	Aqueous fraction	93.67	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[68]
Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold	Pinaceae	Needle	Essential oil	94.4	Galantamine (0.3 μg/mL)	[102]
Berberis libanotica Ehrenb. ex C.K. Schneid.	Berberidaceae	Root	Hexanic extract	95.5	Physostigmine (0.00017)	[74]
Jatropha gossypifolia L.	Euphorbiaceae	Leaf	Ethyl acetate fraction	95.7	Eserine (0.04 μg/mL)	[109]
Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. Ex Royle	Ranunculaceae	Leaf	Methanolic extract	98	Galantamine	[108]
Nonea micrantha Bioss. & Reut	Boraginaceae	Whole	Ethyl acetate	100	Galantamine (0.1 μg/mL)	[99]
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre.	Polygonaceae	Whole plant	Aqueous fraction	100.0	Galantamine (0.1 μg/mL)	[94]
Pavetta indica L.	Rubiaceae	Aerial parts	Aqueous fraction	100.4	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[80]
Pinus nigra subsp. laricio Palib. ex Maire	Pinaceae	Needle	Essential oil	101.5	Galantamine (0.3 μg/mL)	[102]
Marrubium alysson L.	Lamiaceae	Whole plant	Non-polar fraction	102.2	Donepenzil (3.38 μg/mL)	[107]
Stemona sessilifolia (Miq.) Miq.	Stemonaceae	Root	Alkaloidal extracts	102.6	Huperzin A (74.5 μg/mL)	[110]
Illicium verum Hook.f.	Schisandraceae	Fruit	Chloroform fraction	103.03	Galantamine (10.14 μg/mL)	[97]
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.	Apiaceae	Whole	Hydroalcohol extract	106.55	Physostigmine (0.076 μg/mL)	[111]
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre.	Polygonaceae	Whole plant	Saponin fraction	108.0	Galantamine (0.1 μg/mL)	[94]
Trichocline reptans B.L.Rob.	Asteraceae	Aerial parts	Hexane Fraction	111.80	Physostigmine (2.8 μg/mL)	[106]
Huperzia squarrosa (G. Forst.) Trevis.	Lycopodiaceae	Aerial parts	Ethanolic extract	112.2	Berberine chloride (0.28 μg/mL)	[86]
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult.	Apocynaceae	Aerial parts	n-Butanol fraction	113.5	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[68]
Rumex hastatus D. Don	Polygonaceae	Whole plant	Ethyl acetate fraction	115.0	Galantamine (20.0 μg/mL)	[85]
Chenopodium quinoa Willd.	Amaranthaceae	Seed	Ethyl acetate extract	118.91	Galantamine (2.76 μg/mL)	[112]
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.	Nelumbonaceae	Embryo	Aqueous fraction	119.6	Eserine (0.02 μg/mL)	[92]
Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schult.	Convolvulaceae	Leaf	Methanol extract	120	Galantamine (0.37 μg/mL)	[101]
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre.	Polygonaceae	Leaf	Essential oils	120.0	Galantamine (15 μg/mL)	[113]
Wedelia chinensis	Asteraceae	Whole	chloroform fraction	121.97	Donepenzil (9.21 μg/mL)	[98]
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult.	Apocynaceae	Aerial parts	Aqueous extract	129.43	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[68]
Nardostachys jatamansi DC.	Caprifoliaceae	Rhizome	Hydroalcohol extract	130.10	Physostigmine (0.076 μg/mL)	[111]
Myristica fragrans Houtt.	Myristicaceae	Seed	Hydroalcohol extract	133.28	Physostigmine (0.076 μg/mL)	[111]
Rumex hastatus D. Don	Polygonaceae	Whole plant	Saponin fraction	135.0	Galantamine (20.0 μg/mL)	[85]
Buchanania axillaris (Desr.) Ramamoorthy	Anacardiaceae	Aerial parts	Aqueous fraction	136.21	Galantamine (0.77 μg/mL)	[68]
Carpolobia lutea G. Don	Polygalaceae	Stem	Hexane fraction	140	Physostigmine (0.2 μg/mL)	[59]
Citrus aurantifolia	Rutaceae	Leaf	Essential oil	139	Galantamine	[114]
Evalvulus alsinoides L.	Convolvulaceae	Whole plant	Hydroalcohol extract	141.76	Physostigmine (0.076 μg/mL)	[111]
Carpolobia lutea G. Don	Polygalaceae	Stem	Methanolic fraction	142.0	Physostigmine (0.2 μg/mL)	[59]
Nonea micrantha Bioss. & Reut	Boraginaceae	Whole	Chloroform fraction	144	Galantamine (0.1 μg/mL)	[99]
Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC.	Compositae	Leaf	Acetone extract	150	Galantamine (0.92 μg/mL)	[115]

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Declarations

Author contributions

DAV: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. DTT: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

All datasets generated or analyzed during this study are included in the manuscript and references.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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