Exploration of Neuroscience

Table 3. ENTPDase inhibitors—non-nucleotide analogs

Derivatives class	Inhibitors	IC₅₀^a or Ki^b (µM)	Specificity	Applications	Experimental context
Polyoxometalates (POMs) [77–79]	POM-1	0.8000^b	N1 > N3 >> N2	Potential anticancer, cardiprotection. ENTPDases functional studies.	Inhibition assays with recombinant protein and in vitro assays using metastatic cells.
Polyoxometalates (POMs) [77–79]	PSB-POM142 (POM-5)	0.0039^b	N1 >> N2 > N3
Anthraquinone derivatives [73, 82]	PSB-069	15.70^a	N1 > N2 > N3	Therapeutic potential for treating neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases and inflammation.	In vitro inhibition assays using capillary electrophoresis (CE) and the malachite green assay (MG).
	PSB-071	12.80^a	N2 > N3 >> N1
	PSB-06126	1.500^a	N3
	PSB-16131	0.539^a	N2
	PSB-2020	0.551^a	N2
	PSB-1011	0.390^a	N3
	PSB-2046	0.723^a	N3
Tryptamine-derived Schiff bases [69]	C# 1	0.030^b	N1	Potential for use in the treatment of cancer and thrombosis.	Inhibition assays with recombinant enzymes (MG) and molecular docking.
	C# 4	0.080^b	N1
	C# 5	0.071^b	N3 > N1 = N8
	C# 13	0.280^b	N8
	C# 14	0.170^b	N3 > N1 > N8
	C# 22	0.490^b	N8
Thiadiazole pyrimidones [66]	8b	0.04^b	N1	Study of insulin secretion and purinergic modulation.	Inhibition assays with recombinant human enzymes (MG), docking studies, and in vitro tests on pancreatic islets.
	8c	0.03^b	N1 > N3 >> N8
	8f	0.03^b	N1
	8i	0.17^b	N2 > N1
	8j	0.02^b	N1 > N2
	8k	0.07^b	N2
	8m	0.16^b	N3 >> N1
Carboxamides [70]	2a	1.60^a	N8 > N2 > N3 > N1	Treatment of type 2 diabetes, inflammatory and metabolic disorders, and isoform-specific studies.	Inhibition assays with recombinant human enzymes (MG), in vitro tests on pancreatic islets, and molecular docking studies.
	2b	2.82^a	N3
	2d	0.15^a	N2 > N1
	2f	0.70^a	N1
	2h	0.12^a	N1
	2i	1.46^a	N1 > N3
Quinoline derivatives [80]	2c	0.86^a	N3 > N8 > N1	Therapeutic potential to treat cancer and other diseases associated with ENTPDase overexpression.	Inhibition assays with recombinant human enzymes (malachite green).
	2h	0.36^a	N3 > N1 > N2 > N8
	3b	0.55^a	N1 > N2
	3f	0.20^a	N1 > N3
	4	0.51^a	N3 > N1 > N2
	5c	0.65^{a (b)}	N8
Sulfopolysac-charides [85]	Compound 5	1.72^b	N1, but also inhibited NPP1 NPP1 > N1	Therapeutic potential to treat cancer.	Inhibition assays on enzymes (NTPDases and NPPs) and U87 glioblastoma cells using CE and MG.
	Compound 6	0.408^b
	Compound 7	12.3^b
Tienotetraidropirimidina derivatives [64]	Compound 32	45.2^a	Dual inhibitor for N1 (CD39) and CD73	Therapeutic potential to treat cancer.	Inhibition assays with recombinant enzymes using CE and MG.
Thiadiazole amide derivatives [83]	5a	0.05^a	N1 >> N2 > N8	Potential in cancer immunotherapy and the treatment of immunological and thrombotic diseases.	Inhibition assays with recombinant human enzymes (MG) and molecular docking studies.
	5b	0.06^a	N2 > N1
	5c	0.08^a	N2 > N1
	5e	0.05^a	N8 >> N1 > N3 >> N2
	5g	0.04^a	N2 >> N8
	5j	0.07^a	N8 >> N2 > N1 > N3
Glicinatos de tienopirimidina [84]	3j	0.11^a	N1	Potential in cancer immunotherapy and the treatment of inflammatory diseases, diabetes, and thrombosis.	Inhibition assays with recombinant human enzymes (MG) and molecular docking studies.
	3k	3.00^a	N3
	3l	1.00^a	N8 >> N1
	3n	0.40^a	N2
	4	0.13^a	N2
Protein kinase inhibitors [87]	Certinib	11.3^a	N1 >> N3 = N8	Potential in cancer immunotherapy and a basis for the development of new inhibitors.	Inhibition assays with recombinant and native enzymes (tumor cell cultures) using CE and MG.
Sulfamoyl benzamides [86]	2d	0.28^a	N8	Potential in cancer immunotherapy and the treatment of type 2 diabetes and thrombosis.	Inhibition assays with recombinant human enzymes (MG) and molecular docking studies.
	3f	0.27^a	N2 > N3
	3i	0.72^a	N3 > N1
	3j	0.29^a	N2 > N3
	4d	0.13^a	N2 > N3 > N8

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N1, N2, N3, and N8 refer to NTPDases 1, 2, 3, and 8, respectively. CE: capillary electrophoresis; MG: malachite green method; ENTPDases: ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases; CD39: cluster of differentiation 39; NPP: nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase

Declarations

Author contributions

ICR: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. ALdA: Writing—original draft. VdAR: Writing—original draft. MSLL: Writing—original draft. JLRF: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for the fellowship grants awarded to JLRF and ICR, which supported this study. This study was sponsored in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brazil (CAPES) [001]; Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) [BPD-00498-22]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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