Spontaneous hemorrhages in the cortical or subcortical regions, often multiple and recurrent
Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs)
Small, round hypointense lesions predominantly in lobar regions, best visualized using gradient-echo T2*-weighted or susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) sequences [49]
Cortical superficial siderosis (cSS)
Linear hypointensities along the cortical surface, representing chronic blood product deposition, detectable via SWI [36]
White matter hyperintensities (WMHs)
Areas of increased signal intensity on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences, indicating chronic small vessel ischemic changes [51], multiple punctuate subcortical FLAIR hyperintensities (i.e., a multispot pattern) [52]
Enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS)
Dilated spaces surrounding small blood vessels, more prominent in the centrum semiovale, observable on T2-weighted images
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