The predominant seizure type was generalized seizures (including primary and secondarily generalized seizures), 66%, followed by focal seizures, 30%, and epileptic syndrome, 4%
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
The research was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of “Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto” Central Hospital with registration number 129-13. This study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki (version 2013, Fortaleza, Brazil).
Consent to participate
This study utilized secondary data from an institutional database of patients diagnosed with Epilepsy. The information used was fully anonymized and de-identified before analysis. No personal identifiers (such as names, medical record numbers, or contact details) were accessed or recorded at any stage of the research process. Since the data were analyzed in an aggregate form, no direct contact with participants was required. Since there was no access to sensitive or identifying information, individual informed consent was not required by ethical standards and relevant institutional and national guidelines on research with anonymized data.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request, subject to institutional privacy policies.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
References
Neligan A, Adan G, Nevitt SJ, Pullen A, Sander JW, Bonnett L, et al. Prognosis of adults and children following a first unprovoked seizure.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;1:CD013847. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Thurman DJ, Beghi E, Begley CE, Berg AT, Buchhalter JR, Ding D, et al. Standards for epidemiologic studies and surveillance of epilepsy.Epilepsia. 2011;52:2–26. [DOI] [PubMed]
Fiest KM, Sauro KM, Wiebe S, Patten SB, Kwon CS, Dykeman J, et al. Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of international studies.Neurology. 2017;88:296–303. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Kurland LT. Incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures in Rochester, Minnesota: 1935–1984.Epilepsia. 1993;34:453–68. [DOI] [PubMed]
Beghi E. The Epidemiology of Epilepsy.Neuroepidemiology. 2020;54:185–91. [DOI] [PubMed]
Fisher RS, van Emde Boas W, Blume W, Elger C, Genton P, Lee P, et al. Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE).Epilepsia. 2005;46:470–2. [DOI] [PubMed]
Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, Buchhalter J, Cross JH, van Emde Boas W, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005–2009.Epilepsia. 2010;51:676–85. [DOI] [PubMed]
Noe KH. Seizures: diagnosis and management in the outpatient setting.Semin Neurol. 2011;31:54–64. [DOI] [PubMed]
Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, Cnaan A, Chadwick D, Guerreiro C, et al. ILAE treatment guidelines: evidence-based analysis of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes.Epilepsia. 2006;47:1094–120. [DOI] [PubMed]
Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, Cnaan A, Guerreiro C, Kälviäinen R, et al. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes.Epilepsia. 2013;54:551–63. [DOI] [PubMed]
Josephson CB, Dykeman J, Fiest KM, Liu X, Sadler RM, Jette N, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of standard vs selective temporal lobe epilepsy surgery.Neurology. 2013;80:1669–76. [DOI] [PubMed]
Gilioli I, Vignoli A, Visani E, Casazza M, Canafoglia L, Chiesa V, et al. Focal epilepsies in adult patients attending two epilepsy centers: classification of drug-resistance, assessment of risk factors, and usefulness of “new” antiepileptic drugs.Epilepsia. 2012;53:733–40. [DOI] [PubMed]
Haneef Z, Stern J, Dewar S, Engel J Jr. Referral pattern for epilepsy surgery after evidence-based recommendations: a retrospective study.Neurology. 2010;75:699–704. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Jette N, Quan H, Tellez-Zenteno JF, Macrodimitris S, Hader WJ, Sherman EMS, et al. Development of an online tool to determine appropriateness for an epilepsy surgery evaluation.Neurology. 2012;79:1084–93. [DOI] [PubMed]
Gomez-Ibañez A, Gasca-Salas C, Urrestarazu E, Viteri C. Clinical phenotypes within non-surgical patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy caused by hippocampal sclerosis based on response to antiepileptic drugs.Seizure. 2013;22:20–3. [DOI] [PubMed]
Ferrari CM, de Sousa RM, Castro LH. Factors associated with treatment non-adherence in patients with epilepsy in Brazil.Seizure. 2013;22:384–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Goodman MJ, Durkin M, Forlenza J, Ye X, Brixner DI. Assessing adherence-based quality measures in epilepsy.Int J Qual Health Care. 2012;24:293–300. [DOI] [PubMed]
Mahrer-Imhof R, Jaggi S, Bonomo A, Hediger H, Eggenschwiler P, Krämer G, et al. Quality of life in adult patients with epilepsy and their family members.Seizure. 2013;22:128–35. [DOI] [PubMed]
Zhao T, Sun MY, Yu PM, Zhu GX, Tang XH, Shi YB, et al. Evaluation of clinical aspects and quality of life as risk factors for depression in patients with epilepsy.Seizure. 2012;21:367–70. [DOI] [PubMed]
Gómez-Arias B, Crail-Meléndez D, López-Zapata R, Martínez-Juárez IE. Severity of anxiety and depression are related to a higher perception of adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs.Seizure. 2012;21:588–94. [DOI] [PubMed]
Fountain HB, Ness PCV, Benneti A, Absher J, Patel AD, Sheth KN, et al. Quality improvement in neurology: Epilepsy update quality measurement set.Neurology. 2015;84:1483–7. [DOI]
Iqbal M, Bilal S, Sarwar S, Murphy RP. Epilepsy audit: do we document everything?Ir J Med Sci. 2011;180:31–5. [DOI] [PubMed]
Sahoo SS, Zhang GQ, Lhatoo SD. Epilepsy informatics and an ontology-driven infrastructure for large database research and patient care in epilepsy.Epilepsia. 2013;54:1335–41. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Quet F, Rafael F, Ngoungou EB, Diagana M, Druet-Cabanac M, Preux PM. Investigating epilepsy in Africa: 10 years of data collection using a standardized questionnaire in 2,269 peoples with epilepsy.Epilepsia. 2011;52:1868–76. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kim DW, Lee SY, Chung SE, Cheong HK, Jung KY; Korean Epilepsy Society. Clinical characteristics of patients with treated epilepsy in Korea: a nationwide epidemiologic study.Epilepsia. 2014;55:67–75. [DOI] [PubMed]
Bergin P, Sadleir L, Legros B, Mogal Z, Tripathi M, Dang N, et al. An international pilot study of an Internet-based platform to facilitate clinical research in epilepsy: the EpiNet project.Epilepsia. 2012;53:1829–35. [DOI] [PubMed]
Camacho-Sandoval J. Tamaño de muestra en estudios clínicos.Acta Med Costarric. 2008;50:20–1.
Seino M. Classification criteria of epileptic seizures and syndromes.Epilepsy Res. 2006;70:S27–33. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, Harden C, Bourgeois B, Bautista JF, et al. Practice guideline update summary: Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: Treatment of new-onset epilepsy. Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.Neurology. 2018;91:74–81. [DOI] [PubMed]
Panayiotopoulos CP. The Epilepsies: Seizures, Syndromes and Management. Oxfordshire (UK): Bladon Medical Publishing; 2005. [PubMed]
Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, Higurashi N, Hirsch E, Jansen FE, et al. Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: Position Paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology.Epilepsia. 2017;58:522–30. [DOI] [PubMed]
Thom M. Hippocampal sclerosis: progress since Sommer.Brain Pathol. 2009;19:565–72. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Labate A, Gambardella A, Aguglia U, Condino F, Ventura P, Lanza P, et al. Temporal lobe abnormalities on brain MRI in healthy volunteers: a prospective case-control study.Neurology. 2010;74:553–7. [DOI] [PubMed]
Medina MT, Rosas E, Rubio-Donnadieu F, Sotelo J. Neurocysticercosis as the main cause of late-onset epilepsy in Mexico.Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:325–7. [PubMed]
Lucke-Wold BP, Nguyen L, Turner RC, Logsdon AF, Chen YW, Smith KE, et al. Traumatic brain injury and epilepsy: Underlying mechanisms leading to seizure.Seizure. 2015;33:13–23. [DOI] [PubMed]
Hauptman JS, Mathern GW. Surgical treatment of epilepsy associated with cortical dysplasia: 2012 update.Epilepsia. 2012;53:98–104. [DOI] [PubMed]
Schmidt D, Gram L. Monotherapy versus Polytherapy in Epilepsy.CNS Drugs. 1995;3:194–208. [DOI]
Joshi R, Tripathi M, Gupta P, Gulati S, Gupta YK. Adverse effects & drug load of antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy: Monotherapy vs. polytherapy.Indian J Med Res. 2017;145:317–26. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Moran S, Peterson C, Blackberry I, Cook M, Walker C, Furler J, et al. Antiepileptic drugs, polypharmacy, and quality of life in people living with Epilepsy managed in general practice.Int J Epilepsy. 2020;6:24–9. [DOI]
