CK receptors, ligands, and their role in cancer

CK receptorsLigandsRoleCancer typeImmune cells involvedReferences
C-C motif CK receptor 1 (CCR1)CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL13, CCL14, CCL15, CCL16, CCL23Innate immunity and adaptive immunityBreast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, multiple myeloma, T cell leukemia, osteosarcoma, colorectal cancerMonocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, T helper 1 (Th1) cells, basophils, and DCs[42]
CCR2CCL2, CCL7, CCL8, CCL12, CCL13It helps monocytes move toward chemotactic signals and can be found on the surface of monocytes, basophils, activated memory T cells, and B cellsBreast cancer, pancreatic ductal, adenocarcinoma, glioma, lung cancer, prostate cancer, melanoma, multiple myelomaTAMs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), monocytes[43, 44]
CCR3CCL5, CCL7, CCL11, CCL13, CCL15, CCL24, CCL26, CCL28Expressed in several tissues’ keratinocytes, mast cells, Th2 cells, CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors, eosinophils, and basophilsBreast cancer, cervical cancer, renal cancerPlatelets[45]
CCR4CCR2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, CCL22CCR4 is preferentially expressed in Treg and Th2 cells. The expression can be transiently upregulated following T-cell receptor (TCR) and CD28 engagementT cell leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, breast cancer, melanoma, hepatocellular carcinomaTreg cells, monocytes, platelets[46]
CCR5CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL8It is the major co-receptor associated with vulnerability to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. It is expressed by several cell types, including peripheral blood-derived DCs, CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells, and memory T cellsBreast cancer, cervical cancer, lung cancer, multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancerTAMs[47, 48]
CCR7CCL19, CCL21Expressed in lymphoid tissues and in B and T cells that have been activated. Controls the movement of memory T cells to irritated tissues and promotes the maturation of DCsBreast cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, B cell leukemiaT cells, Th22 cells, T cells, Treg cells, DCs[49]
CCR8CCL1, CCL4, CCL17Immune surveillance in the skin, type 2 adaptive immunity, and thymopoiesisBreast cancerTh2 cells, Treg cells, skin tissue resident memory T (Trm) cells, γδ T cells, monocytes, and macrophages[50]
CCR10CCL27, CCL28Most often expressed by Th2 lymphocytes in the thymusLeukemia, melanomaTreg cells[51]
C-X-C motif CK receptor 3 (CXCR3)CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11Mostly seen on T lymphocytes. It is quickly turned on in naive cells after they are activated, and it stays high in Th1 CD4+ T cells and effector CD8+ T cellsPancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancerTh1 cells, CD8+ central memory T (Tcm) and effector memory T (Tem) cells, natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), B cells. Treg cells, and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells[52]
CXCR4CXCL12Hematopoiesis, organogenesis, and bone marrow homingBreast cancer, prostate cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, endothelial cells, ovarian cancerMDSCs, TAMs, neutrophils[53]
CXCR5CXC13B cell and T cell trafficking in lymphoid tissue to the B cell zone or folliclesLymphomas, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, head and neck carcinomasB cells, Tfh cells, T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells, and CD8+ Tem cells[54]
CXCR6CXCL16Preferentially expressed on Th1 T cells. CXCR6 has been identified as a minor co-receptor for HIV-1 infection and in adaptive immunityBreast cancer cells, gastric cancer cells, hepatocellular carcinoma cells, non-small cell lung cancer cellsTh1 cells, Th17 cells, γδ T cells, ILCs, NKT cells, NK cells, plasma cells, and endothelial cells[55]
C-X3-C motif CK receptor 1 (CX3CR1)C-X3-C motif CK ligand 1 (CX3CL1)Patrolling monocytes in innate immunity, microglial cell and NK cell migration, and type 1 adaptive immunityPancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancerTAMs, resident monocytes, macrophages, Th1 cells, CD8+ Tem cells, NK cells[56, 57]