Table Info

Table 1.

Different levels of AFND and challenges for distributed AFND

Analytical level	AFND	Challenges for data governance
Analytical level	AFND	Privacy risk	Usage control	Computational requirement
1	Allele frequency		X
2	Haplotype frequency		X	X
3	Individual genotypic data	X	X	X

Each AFND level tackles one or multiple challenges illustrated here by an 'X'. In order to respect confidentiality due to security-sensitive patient data and avoid the contractual agreement of data transfers between the data-owning institution and the data-hosting institution, individual data are often confined to data-owning institution. In addition, centralization implies a transfer of the privacy breach, a risk of data loss and an implicit loss of usage control. Risk of re-identification is not addressed by distribution

Declarations

Acknowledgments

We thank Frédérico Garnier from Agence de la biomédecine for his gracious comments.

Author contributions

SS designed the research study and wrote the manuscript. PAG, MS, VD and NV participated in the study design, corrected and approved the manuscript, and provided intellectual content of critical importance to the work.

Conflicts of interest

Pierre-Antoine Gourraud is the founder of Methodomics (2008, www.methodomics.com) and the co-founder of Wedata (2018, www.wedata.science). He is consulting for major pharmaceuticals companies all dealt with through academic pipelines (AstraZeneca, Biogen, Boston Scientific, Cook, Edimark, Ellipses, Elsevier, Methodomics, Merck, Mérieux, Sanofi-Genzyme, WeData). Pierre-Antoine Gourraud is volunteer board member at AXA Mutual Insurance Company. He has no prescription activity neither drugs nor devices.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

Informed consent to publication was obtained from all participants.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets and the python code for this study can be found in the gitlab site [https://gitlab.inria.fr/ssayadi/distributed_afnd].

Funding

This work has been awarded a government grant managed by the National Research Agency under the program “Investissements d’avenir” with the reference KTD-Innov [ANR-17-RHUS-0010]. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No. 754995. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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