Biodegradable NP-induced pathways
| Biodegradable NPs | Target receptors | Reported signal pathways | Reported protein expression | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polymeric NPs: | ||||
| Starches | TLRs, CLRs, RLRs | NF-κB | IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL5, CCL4 | [15], [16], [17] |
| Chitin/Chitosan | TLR2, CD206, Dectin 1 | ERK, NF-κB, MAPK | IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-6, IL-8 | [19], [24] |
| PLGA | Multiple PRRs | ERK, NF-κB, MHC-1 | IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-10 | [27], [28] |
| Protein NPs: | ||||
| Virus like particles | TLR7, TLR9, PTX | TGF-β, MHC-1, Lectin/classical complement pathways, MAPK, NF-κB | IL-1β, TNF-α, CCL2, IL-6 | [49] |
| LNPs: | ||||
| Liposomes and SLNPs | TLRs, CD206 | ERK, MAPK, classical pathway binding to IgG, IgM, C1q, CRP | CCL2, IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-17F | [59], [86] |
: With or without surface chemistry modifications;
: frequently reported in literature; ERK: extracellular regulated kinase; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; PTX: pentraxin
