Summary of COVID immunopathogenesis [63, 64]

COVID-19 immunopathobiologyOutcome of immunopathogenesis
LymphopeniaDecrease in Th cells, cytotoxic cells, memory T cells, Treg cells, B cells, NK cells
NeutrophiliaIncreased neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio
Granulocyte & monocyte abnormalitiesDecrease in eosinophils, basophils, monocytes
Cytokine release syndromeIncreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines: IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, IL-17, IL-33. IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-γ
Increased production of chemokines: CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10
Lymphocyte exhaustionT cell and NK cell exhaustion
Antibody dependent enhancementIncreased viral entry into host cells