From:  Cancer immunotherapy and cardiovascular side-effects: from treatment modalities to the use of the preventive effect of antihypertensive drugs

 Studies on the use of losartan in patient with cancer exposed to immunotherapy.

Study ID, referenceTarget modelParticipant detailsImmunotherapy techniqueCancersMechanismFindings
Yang et al., 2025, [46]Acidic TMEPost-exposure effectICIs-CTTNBCLosartan in the acidic TMESignificant restoration of IEC and lower TV
Hou et al., 2024, [47]84 patientsPost-combination therapy side effectsPD1/PD-L1-CTRef-TumLosartan in the TMMEOvercome immunotherapy resistance
Sun et al., 2024, [48]TMEPost-exposure effectICIs-CTOvCaLosartan in the TMEReprogramming the TME
da Silva et al, 2024, [49]TMEPost-exposure effectTRAILColCaLosartan in the TMEInhibit tumor progression
Sun et al., 2024, [50]Mice
(5–6 weeks, 19–20 g)		Post-exposure effectPD1-CTFibSarcLosartan on PD1abPromoted cancer growth
Liu et al., 2024, [51]TMEPost-exposure effectPD1-CT----Losartan in TIMERemodeling the TIME
Ramzy et al., 2024, [52]Mice
(8–10 weeks, 20–25 g)		Post-exposure effectPD1-CTMelLosartan in the TMEReprogramming the TME
Puopolo et al., 2023, [53]TMEPost-exposure effectPD1/PD-L1-CT----Losartan in the TMEBlock the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction
Li et al., 2023, [54]Mice randomized into four groups (n = 7 mice/group)Post-combination therapy side effectsICIs-CTBrsCaLosartan in the TMEInhibit α-SMA
Li et al., 2023, [55]TMEPost-exposure effectDPSolTuLosartan in the TMERemodeling the TME
Ammons et al., 2022, [56]10 dogsPost-combination therapy side effectsTME-MIGlioLosartan in the TMERemodeling the TME
Li et al., 2022, [57]170 patientsPost-combination therapy side effectsPD1/PD-L1-CTCCAOral LosartanEnhance the effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy
Zhao et al., 2022, [58]Mice (6–8 weeks old, female)Post-combination therapy side effectsPD1/PD-L1-CTTNBCLosartan plus CTImprove CT
Regan et al., 2019, [59]Mice (5–6 weeks, 19–20 g)Post-combination therapy side effectsMono-machroLungCaLosartan in the TMESuppress lung metastasis
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TNBC: triple-negative breast cancer; TME: tumor microenvironment; IEC: immune effector cells; TV: tumor volume; ICIs: immune checkpoint inhibitors; CT: combination therapy; Ref-Tum: refractory tumors; TMM: tumor mechanical microenvironment; OvCa: Ovarian cancer; TRAIL: tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; ColCa: Colon cancer; FibSarc: fibrosarcoma; PD1ab: programmed cell death protein 1 antibody; TIME: tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment; Mel: melanoma; BrsCa: breast cancer; α-SMA: alpha-smooth muscle actin; SolTu, DP, solid tumors: dendritic macromolecule loaded with doxorubicin (PAMAM-ss-DOX); Glio: glioma; TME-MI: TME modifying immunotherapy; CCA: cholangiocarcinoma; LungCa: lung cancer; Mono-machro: monocyte and macrophage.