Exploration of Immunology

Table 2. Genes associated with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE).

Gene	Associated subtype	Gene function (expression/activity)	Reference(s)
	HLA
HLA-DRB1*04	DLE	High	[40]
HLA-B8	DLE, SCLE (annular)	High	[41–43]
HLA-DR3	SCLE (annular)	High	[42, 43]
HLA-DR2	SCLE	High	[43]
HLA-DR5	SCLE (annular)	Low	[42]
HLA-DQA1	NLE (with an allele with glutamine at position 34 of the first domain); CCLE (with the OI02 allele)	High	[44, 45]
HLA-DRw6	CLE	High	[41]
	Non-HLA genes
	Genetic polymorphisms
TREX1	CLE, SLE, FCL	Low activity	[39, 46–50]
MICA/B	CLE, SLE	High
IZKF	CLE, SLE	High
SAMHD1	CLE, FCL	Low activity	[51–53]
STING	FCL	High activity
Perforin	SCLE	Low
ITGAM	DLE (with loci encoding integrin α_M, also known as CD11b)	High	[54]
FCGRA	Malar rash (with loci encoding low-affinity IgG Fc region receptor IIa)	High	[55]
IFN-κ	CLE (with a gene encoding IFN-κ)	High	[56]
	Complement factors
Complement factor C1qA	SCLE	Low	[57]
Complement factor C2	SCLE, DLE	Low	[51, 58, 59]
C4	DLE (with the null C4 allele B*Q0)	Low	[60]

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DLE: discoid lupus erythematosus; SCLE: subacute CLE; NLE: neonatal LE; FCL: familial chilblain lupus erythematosus; CCLE: chronic CLE; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; IFN: interferon.

Declarations

Author contributions

FKA: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. JG: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. PCC: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. All the authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

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