Table Info

Table 1.

Preclinical and clinical studies for viral vector-based COVID-19 vaccines

Vector	Construct	Findings	Ref
ChAdOx1	ChAdOx1 nCoV-19	Protection against SARS-CoV-2 in macaques	[11]
ChAdOx1	ChAdOx1 nCoV-19	Protection after intranasal injection in mice	[11]
ChAdOx1	ChAdOx1 nCoV-19	Phase I/II: safety, strong immune responses	[12]
ChAdOx1	ChAdOx1 nCoV-19	Phase II/III: high Ab titers in all age groups	[13]
ChAdOx1	ChAdOx1 nCoV-19	Phase III: > 30,000 healthy volunteers	[14]
ChAdOx1	ChAdOx1 nCoV-19	Phase III: 62.1–90.0% vaccine efficacy	[15]
ChAdOx1	ChAdOx1 nCoV-19	EUA in the UK in December 2020	[16]
Ad26	Ad26.COV2.S	Protection of hamsters after single injection	[18]
Ad26	Ad26.COV2.S	Protection of macaques after single injection	[19]
Ad26	Ad26.COV2.S	Phase I: single injection > immune response	[20]
Ad26	Ad26.COV2.S	Phase I/II: strong immune response	[21]
Ad26	Ad26.COV2.S	Phase III: > 60,000 healthy volunteers	[22]
Ad26	Ad26.COV2.S	EUA by the FDA in February 2021	[23]
Ad26/Ad5	rAd26-S/rAd5-S	100% protection in mice, hamsters & primates	[24]
Ad26/Ad5	rAd26-S/rAd5-S	Phase I/II: safety, strong immune response	[25]
Ad26/Ad5	rAd26-S/rAd5-S	Phase III: 91.6% vaccine efficacy	[26]
Ad26/Ad5	rAd26-S/rAd5-S	EUA in Russia in July 2020	[27]
Ad5	Ad5-S-nb2	SARS-CoV-2 protection in mice & ferrets	[28]
Ad5	Ad5-S.nb2	SARS-CoV-2 protection in macaques	[29]
Ad5	Ad5-S.nb2	Phase I: binding and neutralization Abs	[30]
Ad5	Ad5-S.nb2	Phase II: Abs dependent on age, pre-existing Ad5	[31]
Ad5	Ad5-S.nb2	90.1% efficacy of preventing severe COVID-19	[32]
Ad5	Ad5-S.nb2	EUA in China in February 2021	[33]
Ad5	Ad5-S nb2	Protection in macaques after i.n. administration	[29]
Ad5	AdCOVID-RBD	Systemic & mucosal immunity after i.n. delivery	[59]
Ad5	VXA-COV2-1	Strong immune response after i.n. delivery in mice	[66]
Ad5	VXA-COV2-1	Phase I: oral delivery, strong immunogenicity	[69]
GRAd	GRAd-COV2	Robust immune responses in mice & macaques	[34]
Grad	GRAd-COV2	Phase I: study in progress	[35]
ChAd68	ChAdV68 + SAM	Phase I: study in progress	[37]
AAVCOVID-1	AAV2-CoV-2 S	Protection in primates after single administration	[38]
MVA	MVA-CoV-2 S/N	Humoral & cellular immune responses in mice	[40]
MVA	MVA-COV-2 S	Protection in mice	[41]
MVA	MVA-COV-2	Phase I: study in progress	[42]
MVA	MVA-COV-2	Phase I: study in progress	[43]
NDV	NDV-SARS-CoV-2 S	Protection in mice and hamsters	[45]
NDV	NDV-SARS-CoV-2 S	Protection in mice	[46]
NDV	NDV-HXP-S	Phase I/II: study in progress	[47]
MV	MV-SARS-CoV-2-S	Th1-biased and T-cell immune responses in mice	[49]
MV	MV-SARS-CoV-2-S	Phase I: weak immunogenicity, trial discontinued	[51]
VSV	VSV-SARS-CoV-2-S	Protection against SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in mice	[52]
VSV	VSV-SARS-CoV-2-S	Phase I: weak immunogenicity, trial discontinued	[53]
VSV	VSV-ΔG	Protection against SARS-CoV-2 in hamsters	[55]
VSV	VSV-ΔG	Phase I/II: study in progress	[56]
VEE RNA	VEE-SARS-CoV-2 S	Th1-biased immune response in mice	[58]
VEE RNA	VEE-SARS-CoV-2 S	Phase I: dose-escalation study in progress	[59]
LV	LV-SARS-COV-2-S	Reduced viral load after i.n. delivery in mice	[61]
LV	LV-SMENP + CTL	Phase I/II: s.c. delivery of LV-DCs. i.v. CTLs	[62]
Influenza	ΔNA(RBD)-Flu	Single i.n. dose: strong immune response	[63]
Influenza	IFV-COV-2 S RBD	Phase I: registered trial for intranasal spray	[64]
Influenza	IFV-COV-2 S RBD	Phase II: registered trial for intranasal spray	[65]

AAV: adeno-associated virus; Ab: antibodies; CTLs: cytotoxic T cell lymphocytes; DCs: dendritic cells; FDA: Food and Drug Administration; GRAd: gorilla adenovirus; i.n.: intranasal; IFV: influenza virus; i.v.: intravenous; LV: lentivirus; LV-SMENP: lentivirus vector expressing SARS-CoV-2 minigene; MV: measles virus; MVA: modified vaccinia virus Ankara; NDV: Newcastle disease virus; RBD: receptor binding domain; SAM: self-amplifying mRNA; s.c.: subcutaneous; VEE: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus; VSV-ΔG: VSV G protein

Declarations

Author contributions

The author contributed solely to the work.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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