Table Info

Table 1.

Comparison of LVEF as measured by different non-invasive imaging methods, reported mean difference and agreement

	Echo 3D vs. CMR	SPECT vs. CMR	MDCT vs. CMR	Echo3D vs. SPECT
Mannaerts et al. 2003 [6]	MD 1.8% ± 11.6%
Persson et al. 2005 [7]		MD 4% ± 7% (P < 0.001)
Belge et al. 2006 [8]			MD 1% ± 21% (P = NS) r = 0.95; P < 0.001
Soliman et al. 2008 [9]	MD 0.2% ± 6.2%
Beitner et al. 2019 [10]	MD 0.56% ± 15%	MD 0.75% ± 10%		1.3% ± 20%
	ICC 0.71	ICC 0.89		ICC 0.51
	β = 0.72, P = 0.003	β = 0.90, P < 0.001

Echo2D: bidimensional echocardiography; Echo3D: three dimensional echocardiography; MDCT: gated multidetector row computed tomography; MD: mean difference; NS: not significant; r: correlation index; ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient

Declarations

Author contributions

ELA wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

References

Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, et al. 2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2129–200. [DOI]

Folse R, Braunwald E. Determination of fraction of left ventricular volume ejected per beat and of ventricular end-diastolic and residual volumes. Experimental and clinical observations with a precordial dilution technic. Circulation. 1962;25:674–85. [DOI]

Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16:233–70. [DOI]

Teichholz LE, Kreulen T, Herman MV, Gorlin R. Problems in echocardiographic volume determinations: echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence of absence of asynergy. Am J Cardiol. 1976;37:7–11. [DOI]

Wood PW, Choy JB, Nanda NC, Becher H. Left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes: it depends on the imaging method. Echocardiography. 2014;31:87–100. [DOI]

Mannaerts HF, Van Der Heide JA, Kamp O, Papavassiliu T, Marcus JT, Beek A, et al. Quantification of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction using freehand transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16:101–9. [DOI]

Persson E, Carlsson M, Palmer J, Pahlm O, Arheden H. Evaluation of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction by automated gated myocardial SPECT versus cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2005;25:135–41. [DOI]

Belge B, Coche E, Pasquet A, Vanoverschelde JL, Gerber BL. Accurate estimation of global and regional cardiac function by retrospectively gated multidetector row computed tomography: comparison with cine magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol. 2006;16:1424–33. [DOI]

Soliman OI, Kirschbaum SW, van Dalen BM, van der Zwaan HB, Mahdavian Delavary B, Vletter WB, et al. Accuracy and reproducibility of quantitation of left ventricular function by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography versus cardiac magnetic resonance. Am J Cardiol. 2008;102:778–83. [DOI]

10.

Beitner N, Jenner J, Sorensson P. Comparison of left ventricular volumes measured by 3DE, SPECT and CMR. J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;27:200–11. [DOI]

11.

Habash-Bseiso DE, Rokey R, Berger CJ, Weier AW, Chyou PH. Accuracy of noninvasive ejection fraction measurement in a large community-based clinic. Clin Med Res. 2005;3:75–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

12.

Marwick TH. Ejection fraction pros and cons: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:2360–79. [DOI]

13.

Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Gattobigio R, Sardone M, Porcellati C. Asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in essential hypertension: prevalence, determinants, and prognostic value. Hypertension. 2005;45:412–8. [DOI]

14.

Yeboah J, Rodriguez CJ, Stacey B, Lima JA, Liu S, Carr JJ, et al. Prognosis of individuals with asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation. 2012;126:2713–9. [DOI]

15.

Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Erqou S, Butler J, Yancy CW, Fonarow GC. Assessing the risk of progression from asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction to overt heart failure: a systematic overview and meta-analysis. JACC Heart Fail. 2016;4:237–48. [DOI] [PubMed]

16.

Tsao CW, Lyass A, Larson MG, Cheng S, Lam CS, Aragam JR, et al. Prognosis of adults with borderline left ventricular ejection fraction. JACC Heart Fail. 2016;4:502–10. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

17.

Fonarow GC, Hsu JJ. Left ventricular ejection fraction: what is “normal”? JACC Heart Fail. 2016;4:511–3. [DOI] [PubMed]

18.

Chung AK, Das SR, Leonard D, Peshock RM, Kazi F, Abdullah SM, et al. Women have higher left ventricular ejection fractions than men independent of differences in left ventricular volume: the Dallas Heart Study. Circulation. 2006;113:1597–604. [DOI]

19.

Poppe KK; on behalf of The EchoNoRMAL Collaboration. What is normal left ventricular ejection fraction? a global individual person data meta-analysis of the distribution across ethnicity, gender and age. Eur Heart J. 2013;34 suppl 1:1938. [DOI]

20.

Gebhard C, Stähli BE, Gebhard CE, Tasnady H, Zihler D, Wischnewsky MB, et al. Age- and gender-dependent left ventricular remodeling. Echocardiography. 2013;30:1143–50. [DOI]

21.

Chuang ML, Gona P, Hautvast GL, Salton CJ, Breeuwer M, O’nnell CJ, et al. CMR reference values for left ventricular volumes, mass, and ejection fraction using computer-aided analysis: the Framingham Heart Study. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014;39:895–900. [DOI]

22.

Claeys M, Roberts T, Herbots L, Verwerft J, Lefebvre K, Voigt JU, et al. Left ventricular ejection fraction: range of normal responses during semi-supine bicycle stress echocardiography. Circulation. 2018;138:A13101.

23.

Veale D, Fagret D, Pepin JL, Bonnet C, Siche JP, Lévy P. Circadian changes of left ventricular ejection fraction in normal subjects. Chronobiol Int. 1994;11:200–10. [DOI]

24.

Gebhard C, Buechel RR, Stähli BE, Gransar H, Achenbach S, Berman DS, et al. Impact of age and sex on left ventricular function determined by coronary computed tomographic angiography: results from the prospective multicentre CONFIRM study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;18:990–1000. [DOI]

25.

Wehner GJ, Jing L, Haggerty CM, Suever JD, Leader JB, Hartzel DN, et al. Routinely reported ejection fraction and mortality in clinical practice: where does the nadir of risk lie? Eur Heart J. 2020;41:1249–57. [DOI] [PubMed]

26.

Krayenbühl HP, Bussmann WD, Turina M, Lüthy E. Is the ejection fraction an index of myocardial contractility? Cardiologia. 1968;53:1–10. [DOI] [PubMed]

27.

Sonnenblick EH. Correlation of myocardial ultrastructure and function. Circulation. 1968;38:29–44. [DOI]

28.

Lowes BD, Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, Minobe WA, Larrabee P, Ferguson D, et al. Myocardial gene expression in dilated cardiomyopathy treated with beta-blocking agents. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1357–65. [DOI]

29.

Kao DP, Lowes BD, Gilbert EM, Minobe W, Epperson LE, Meyer LK, et al. Therapeutic molecular phenotype of β-blocker-associated reverse-remodeling in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2015;8:270–83. [DOI] [PubMed]

30.

Bristow MR, Kao DP, Breathett KK, Altman NL, Gorcsan J 3rd, Gill EA, et al. Structural and functional phenotyping of the failing heart: is the left ventricular ejection fraction obsolete? JACC Heart Fail. 2017;5:772–81. [DOI] [PubMed]

31.

Ikonomidis I, Aboyans V, Blacher J, Brodmann M, Brutsaert DL, Chirinos JA, et al. The role of ventricular-arterial coupling in cardiac disease and heart failure: assessment, clinical implications and therapeutic interventions. A consensus document of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Aorta & Peripheral Vascular Diseases, European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging, and Heart Failure Association. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21:402–24. [DOI]

32.

Bastos MB, Burkhoff D, Maly J, Daemen J, den Uil CA, Ameloot K, et al. Invasive left ventricle pressure-volume analysis: overview and practical clinical implications. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:1286–97. [DOI]

33.

Chen CH, Fetics B, Nevo E, Rochitte CE, Chiou KR, Ding PA, et al. Noninvasive single-beat determination of left ventricular end-systolic elastance in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:2028–34. [DOI]

34.

Shishido T, Hayashi K, Shigemi K, Sato T, Sugimachi M, Sunagawa K. Single-beat estimation of end-systolic elastance using bilinearly approximated time-varying elastance curve. Circulation. 2000;102:1983–9. [DOI]

35.

Leisman S, Burkhoff D. Use of an iPad App to simulate pressure-volume loops and cardiovascular physiology. Adv Physiol Educ. 2017;41:415–24. [DOI]

36.

Schafer A, Burkhoff D, Bauersachs J. Haemodynamic simulation and the effect of early left ventricular unloading in pre-shock acute coronary syndrome. ESC Heart Fail. 2019;6:457–63. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

37.

Kass DA, Maughan WL, Guo ZM, Kono A, Sunagawa K, Sagawa K. Comparative influence of load versus inotropic states on indexes of ventricular contractility: experimental and theoretical analysis based on pressure-volume relationships. Circulation. 1987;76:1422–36. [DOI]

38.

Robotham JL, Takata M, Berman M, Harasawa Y. Ejection fraction revisited. Anesthesiology. 1991;74:172–83. [DOI]

39.

Mihaileanu S. Left ventricular contactile reserve. In: Dorobanţu M, Ruschitzka F, Metra M, editors. Current approach to heart failure. Springer; : Cham: ; 2016. p. 127–48. [DOI]

40.

Monge García MI, Jian Z, Settels JJ, Hunley C, Cecconi M, Hatib F, et al. Determinants of left ventricular ejection fraction and a novel method to improve its assessment of myocardial contractility. Ann Intensive Care. 2019;9:48. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

41.

Sagawa K, Suga H, Shoukas AA, Bakalar KM. End-systolic pressure/volume ratio: a new index of ventricular contractility. Am J Cardiol. 1977;40:748–53. [DOI]

42.

Sagawa K. The ventricular pressure-volume diagram revisited. Circ Res. 1978;43:677–87. [DOI]

43.

Blaudszun G, Morel DR. Relevance of the volume-axis intercept, V0, compared with the slope of end-systolic pressure-volume relationship in response to large variations in inotropy and afterload in rats. Exp Physiol. 2011;96:1179–95. [DOI]

44.

Kerkhof PL. Characterizing heart failure in the ventricular volume domain. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2015;9:11–31. [DOI]

45.

Li JK, Atlas G. Left Ventricle-arterial system interaction in heart failure. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2015;9:93–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

46.

Li JK, Kaya M, Kerkhof PLM. Quantitative cardiology and computer modeling analysis of heart failure in systole and in diastole. Comput Biol Med. 2018;103:252–61. [DOI]

47.

Segers P, Stergiopulos N, Westerhof N. Relation of effective arterial elastance to arterial system properties. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002;282:H1041–6. [DOI]

48.

Mann DL, Bogaev R, Buckberg GD. Cardiac remodelling and myocardial recovery: lost in translation? Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12:789–96. [DOI] [PubMed]

49.

Kerkhof PLM, Kuznetsova T, Ali R, Handly N. Left ventricular volume analysis as a basic tool to describe cardiac function. Adv Physiol Educ. 2018;42:130–9. [DOI]

50.

Kerkhof PLM, van de Ven PM, Yoo B, Peace RA, Heyndrickx GR, Handly N. Ejection fraction as related to basic components in the left and right ventricular volume domains. Int J Cardiol. 2018;255:105–10. [DOI]

51.

Little WC. The left ventricular dP/dtmax-end-diastolic volume relation in closed-chest dogs. Circ Res. 1985;56:808–15. [DOI]

52.

Meluzin J, Spinarová L, Bakala J, Toman J, Krejci J, Hude P, et al. Pulsed Doppler tissue imaging of the velocity of tricuspid annular systolic motion; a new, rapid, and non-invasive method of evaluating right ventricular systolic function. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:340–8. [DOI]

53.

Nikitin NP, Loh PH, Silva R, Ghosh J, Khaleva OY, Goode K, et al. Prognostic value of systolic mitral annular velocity measured with Doppler tissue imaging in patients with chronic heart failure caused by left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Heart. 2006;92:775–9. [DOI]

54.

Seo JS, Kim DH, Kim WJ, Song JM, Kang DH, Song JK. Peak systolic velocity of mitral annular longitudinal movement measured by pulsed tissue Doppler imaging as an index of global left ventricular contractility. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010;298:H1608–15. [DOI]

55.

Biering-Sorensen T, Mogelvang R, de Knegt MC, Olsen FJ, Galatius S, Jensen JS. Cardiac time intervals by tissue Doppler imaging M-mode: normal values and association with established echocardiographic and invasive measures of systolic and diastolic function. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0153636. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

56.

Cikes M, Solomon SD. Beyond ejection fraction: an integrative approach for assessment of cardiac structure and function in heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:1642–50. [DOI]

57.

Pibarot P, Dumesnil JG. Low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis with normal and depressed left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:1845–53. [DOI]

58.

Dreyfus G, Mihaileanu S. The Batista procedure. Heart. 2001;85:1–2. [DOI]

59.

Monin JL, Quéré JP, Monchi M, Petit H, Baleynaud S, Chauvel C, et al. Low-gradient aortic stenosis: operative risk stratification and predictors for long-term outcome: a multicenter study using dobutamine stress hemodynamics. Circulation. 2003;108:319–24. [DOI]

60.

Borlaug BA, Kass DA. Ventricular-vascular interaction in heart failure. Heart Fail Clin. 2008;4:23–36. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

61.

Zakir RM, Al-Dehneh A, Maher J, Saric M, Berkowitz RL. Right ventricular failure in patients with preserved ejection fraction and diastolic dysfunction: an underrecognized clinical entity. Congest Heart Fail. 2007;13:164–9. [DOI]

62.

Brand A, Bathe M, Oertelt-Prigione S, Seeland U, Rücke M, Regitz-Zagrosek V, et al. Right heart function in impaired left ventricular diastolic function: 2D speckle tracking echocardiography-based and Doppler tissue imaging-based analysis of right atrial and ventricular function. Echocardiography. 2018;35:47–55. [DOI]