Exploration of Medicine

Table 3. Androgen and growth hormone-STAT5b axis role in sexual dimorphism of NAFLD

Male	Effect(s)	Female	Effect(s)
↓ Levels of androgen	Associated with insulin resistance, T2DM, obesity, and NAFLD	↑ Levels of androgen	Associated with the features of metabolic syndrome, NAFLD, and severe fibrosis
STAT5b-knockout male mice	Postnatal growth-retardation; obesity; ↑ hepatic steatosis; ↑ PPARγ; enhance insulin sensitivity to further increase lipogenesis	STAT5b-knockout female mice	Near-normal postnatal growth
STAT5b inactivity in human	Obesity	----	----
Testosterone deficiency	↓ STAT5b	----	----

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↑ increased; ↓ decreased; ---- sex-balanced studies not available

Declarations

Author contributions

NCS; PJG; CT and NR contributed conception and design of the review and in the writing of the different sections of the review. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

NCS is funded by the Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (DOST-PCHRD), Philippines; PJG is supported by Post-doctoral Fellowships 2020 from Fondazione Umberto Veronesi, Italy; NR is funded by Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Trieste (CRTrieste) and by Fondazione Italiana Fegato ONLUS.

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