Pre- and post-intervention thigh circumference variables and repeated-measures ANOVA results.
| Variables | Group | Time | Mean change (95% CI) | p-value (ηp2) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | |||||
| TC at 5 cm (cm) | Non-obese | 37.33 ± 3.38 | 38.27 ± 3.43 | 0.947***(0.641, 1.253) | T | < 0.001 (0.659)††† |
| G | < 0.001 (0.414)††† | |||||
| Obese | 41.80 ± 2.05### | 43.15 ± 2.31### | 1.353***(1.031, 1.676) | |||
| T × G | 0.066 (0.057) | |||||
| TC at 15 cm (cm) | Non-obese | 44.04 ± 3.29 | 44.74 ± 3.44 | 0.703**(0.214, 1.193) | T | < 0.001 (0.350)††† |
| G | < 0.001 (0.374)††† | |||||
| Obese | 48.48 ± 3.14### | 49.86 ± 3.03### | 1.380***(0.794, 1.966) | |||
| T × G | 0.075 (0.054) | |||||
ANOVA: analysis of variance; CI: confidence interval; G: group; T × G: time × group interaction; T: time; TC: thigh circumference; ηp2: partial eta squared. †††: Significant main effect or interaction effect from repeated-measures ANOVA (p < 0.001). **: Significant within-group pre–post difference (p < 0.01). ***: Significant within-group pre–post difference (p < 0.001). ###: Significant between-group difference determined by an independent-samples t-test (p < 0.001).
SyK: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing—original draft. EL: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. DWL: Investigation, Writing—review & editing. SIC: Investigation, Writing—review & editing. JHC: Investigation, Writing—review & editing. YS: Investigation, Writing—review & editing. SW: Investigation, Writing—review & editing. SWK: Investigation, Writing—review & editing. JK: Investigation, Writing—review & editing. KL: Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing—review & editing. HYP: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Konkuk University Medical Center (KUMC IRB No. 2026-01-037) and was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was also registered with the Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS), Republic of Korea (KCT0012016).
The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board of Konkuk University Medical Center due to the retrospective nature of the study.
Not applicable.
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
This study was supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Republic of Korea grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (NRF-2022R1F1A1063548). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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