Pre-post changes to study outcomes.
| Variable | Pre-post values (n = 16) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study time point | α | Pre-post change over study | |||||
| Baseline | Week 6 | Mean difference | 95% CI | p-value | Cohen’s d | ||
| Numeric pain scale; M (SD) | 6.1 (1.7) | 5.4 (1.7) | - | 0.7 | - | 0.111 | 0.424 (small) |
| PROMIS pain intensity; M (SD) | 68.3 (6.3) | 64.4 (6) | 0.89 | 3.9 | 2.3–5.5 | < 0.001 | 1.288 (large) |
| PROMIS pain interference; M (SD) | 69.9 (5.5) | 64.3 (8.3) | 0.96 | 5.6 | 2.2–8.9 | 0.003 | 0.879 (large) |
| PROMIS self-efficacy for managing symptoms; M (SD) | 39.4 (5.2) | 41.2 (5.3) | 0.64 | 1.9 | - | 0.168 | 0.362 (small) |
| PROMIS self-efficacy for managing emotions; M (SD) | 43.4 (6.3) | 44.4 (5.1) | 0.90 | 1.1 | - | 0.456 | 0.191 (none) |
| PHQ-8; M (SD) | 10.7 (5.9) | 7.6 (5) | 0.83 | 3.1 | 0.8–5.3 | 0.011 | 0.729 (medium) |
| PHQ-8 categories; n (%) | - | - | - | - | - | 0.682 | - |
| None (0–4) | 2 (12.5%) | 4 (25%) | |||||
| Mild (5–9) | 7 (43.8%) | 8 (50%) | |||||
| Moderate (10–14) | 3 (18.8%) | 2 (12.5%) | |||||
| Moderately severe (15–19) | 2 (12.5%) | 2 (12.5%) | |||||
| Severe (20–24) | 2 (12.5%) | 0 (-) | |||||
| GAD-7; M (SD) | 5.9 (4.7) | 5.2 (5.2) | 0.84 | 0.8 | - | 0.517 | 0.166 (none) |
| GAD-7 categories; n (%) | - | - | - | - | - | 0.247 | - |
| Minimal (0–4) | 5 (31.3%) | 9 (56.2%) | |||||
| Mild (5–9) | 9 (56.2%) | 4 (25%) | |||||
| Moderate (10–14) | 1 (6.3%) | 1 (6.3%) | |||||
| Severe (15–21) | 1 (6.3%) | 2 (12.5%) | |||||
| Thwarted belongingness (INQ); M (SD) | 27.7 (14.4) | 24.5 (13.5) | 0.92 | 3.2 | 0.8–5.6 | 0.012 | 0.715 (medium) |
| Spiritual well-being index; M (SD) | 15 (4.1) | 13.9 (5) | 0.67 | 1.1 | - | 0.453 | 0.193 (none) |
| COMM; M (SD) | 7.1 (4.9) | 6.8 (4.4) | 0.68 | 0.3 | - | 0.811 | 0.061 (none) |
| COMM categories; n (%) | - | - | - | - | - | 0.999 | - |
| Positive (> 8) | 6 (37.5%) | 5 (31.3%) | |||||
| Negative (< 9) | 10 (62.5%) | 11 (68.8%) | |||||
Continuous variables analyzed using paired t-tests; categorical variables calculated with Fisher’s exact test; all used last observation carried forward. α: Cronbach’s alpha calculated at baseline. CI: confidence interval; COMM: Current Opioid Misuse Measure; GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder; INQ: Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire; PHQ-8: Patient Health Questionnaire; PROMIS: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; SD: standard deviation.