Comparison of residual peripheral bone rim thickness between centre and peripheral tapping techniques.
| Measurement site | Centre tapping (n = 20)mean ± SD (mm) | Peripheral tapping (n = 20)mean ± SD (mm) | Mean difference (mm)* | p-value† |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Superio-anterior | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.26 ± 0.02 | 0.12 | < 0.001 |
| Superior | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 0.03 | < 0.001 |
| Superio-posterior | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.007 |
| Inferio-posterior | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.165 |
| Inferior | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.04 | < 0.001 |
| Inferio-anterior | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 0.10 | < 0.001 |
* Mean difference calculated as peripheral tapping minus centre tapping. Values are mean ± standard deviation (SD). † Two-sided p-values recalculated from the available group-level means, SDs, and sample sizes using independent-samples t-tests.
MM: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SRD: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. KDK: Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization Writing—review & editing. ARA: Project administration, Supervision, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. AAA: Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. ASA: Project administration, Resources, Writing—review & editing. FMA: Project administration, Resources, Writing—review & editing. KMA: Project administration, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the final submitted version.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval was not required for this study because it used goat maxillae, and no animals were sacrificed solely for this research. Instead, the specimens were procured from a slaughterhouse, where goats are routinely processed for food consumption.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
The data presented in this study will be available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
The authors extend their appreciation to Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University for funding this research work through the project number PSAU/2025/03/33904. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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