TR: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. ZZ: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing—review & editing. TR and ZZ contributed equally to this work. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
This study used publicly available, de-identified aggregate data. No ethical review was required.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The CKD burden data analyzed in this study were obtained from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) GBD Results Tool (https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/), subject to IHME data-use terms. The downloaded IHME citation identified the release as Global Burden of Disease Study 2023 (GBD 2023) Results, and the present analysis was restricted to country-year estimates from 2010 to 2017. Water quality data were obtained from public monitoring sources in China, Canada, and Ireland, as documented in the source file. Derived datasets and analysis code are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Funding
This work was supported by the Yunnan Provincial Department of Education Science Research Fund (grant numbers 2026J2256 and 2024J2133). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
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