Bias assessment by ROBINS-I tool.
| Authors | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zaghi et al. (2019) [73] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Ferrés-Amat et al. (2016) [76] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Scarano et al. (2023) [80] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Tecco et al. (2015) [81] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Scarano et al. (2023) [82] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domains: D1: Bias due to confounding; D2: Bias arising from measurement of the exposure; D3: Bias in selection of participants into the study (or into the analysis); D4: Bias due to post-exposure intervention; D5: Bias due to missing data; D6: Bias arising from measurement of the outcome; D7: Bias in selection of the reported result. ×: high; -: some concerns; +: low.
During the preparation of this work, the authors used AI-assisted technologies for language editing and improvement of text clarity. After using these tools, the authors carefully reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the accuracy, originality, and integrity of the final manuscript.
AMI: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Resources, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization, Project administration. GM: Methodology, Formal analysis, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. LPZ: Conceptualization, Validation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Supervision. SS: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Resources, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization, Supervision. FI: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. DVD: Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Supervision. GI: Methodology, Formal analysis, Supervision, Project administration. AP: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Resources, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization, Supervision. GD: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Resources, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Visualization, Project administration. ADI: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Gaetano Isola, who is the Associate Editor of Exploration of Medicine, had no involvement in the decision-making or the review process of this manuscript. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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The primary data for this systematic review were sourced online from databases listed in the methods. Referenced articles are accessible on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Additional supporting data are available from the corresponding author upon request.
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