From:  Oral functional improvements in lingual hypomobility: a systematic review of surgical, myofunctional, and combined therapies

 Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Inclusion criteriaExclusion criteria
Studies published in peer-reviewed journals between years 2015 and 2025Articles not published in English
RCTs, CCTs, cohort studies, case series, and case reportsNarrative reviews, editorials, letters, conference abstracts
Studies involving children, adolescents, or adults diagnosed with ankyloglossia or reduced lingual mobilityStudies involving syndromic patients, craniofacial syndromes, or cleft lip/palate
Evaluation of lingual frenotomy/frenuloplasty, oral or OMT, or combined interventionsStudies not involving surgical or myofunctional interventions
Reported oral functional outcomes, including tongue mobility, tongue strength, resting tongue posture, swallowing-related tasks, oral motor coordination, or muscle activity (e.g., sEMG)Animal studies, in vitro studies, or purely biomechanical modeling

RCTs: randomized controlled trials; CCTs: controlled clinical trials; OMT: orofacial myofunctional therapy; sEMG: surface electromyography.