Exploration of Medicine

Table 4. Changes in autonomic nervous system function before and after the 8-week intervention.

Variables	CON (n = 10)			EXP (n = 10)			p (η_p²) value
Variables	Pre	Post	p-value	Pre	Post	p-value	Time	Group	Inter
SDNN (ms)	29.67 ± 12.78	27.63 ± 12.22	0.432	29.98 ± 10.72	37.76 ± 21.07	0.113	0.274 (0.066)	0.403 (0.039)	0.069 (0.172)
RMSSD (ms)	28.84 ± 14.86	27.71 ± 14.81	0.725	22.81 ± 7.73	31.10 ± 15.78	0.043	0.147 (0.113)	0.817 (0.003)	0.061 (0.182)
pNN50 (%)	11.72 ± 14.73	5.76 ± 7.58	0.238	4.65 ± 4.11	11.08 ± 10.17	0.041^*	0.932 (0.000)	0.806 (0.003)	0.035^† (0.224)
LF (ms²)	358.76 ± 217.35	408.08 ± 207.53	0.039^*	438.57 ± 205.82	393.96 ± 189.78	0.004^*	0.844 (0.002)	0.723 (0.007)	< 0.001^† (0.469)
HF (ms²)	279.63 ± 140.21	269.39 ± 120.89	0.412	266.92 ± 106.43	313.97 ± 117.26	0.004^*	0.047^† (0.202)	0.770 (0.005)	0.004^† (0.380)
LF/HF	1.45 ± 0.93	1.72 ± 1.12	0.021^*	1.75 ± 0.92	1.31 ± 0.62	0.004^*	0.270 (0.067)	0.882 (0.001)	< 0.001^† (0.552)

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Note. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical significance was determined by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. SDNN: standard deviation of NN intervals; RMSSD: root mean square of successive differences; pNN50: percentage of NN intervals differing by > 50 ms; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; LF/HF: ratio of LF to HF; CON: control group; EXP: experimental group; Inter: interaction; η_p²: partial eta squared. ^* p < 0.05 significantly different between pre- and post-test; ^† p < 0.05 significant main effect or interaction.

Declarations

Author contributions

YS, HYP: Conceptualization. YS, SL: Data curation, Visualization. YS, HYP, BGJ: Formal analysis. YS: Methodology, Writing—original draft, Funding acquisition. BGJ, DYJ: Validation, Investigation. HYP: Supervision. YS, HYP, BGJ, DYJ: Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Konkuk University (IRB No. 7001355-202401-HR-750) and registered with the CRIS, Republic of Korea (KCT0010502; https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/index/index.do). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Funding

This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (2023S1A5B5A17089900). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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