YS, HYP: Conceptualization. YS, SL: Data curation, Visualization. YS, HYP, BGJ: Formal analysis. YS: Methodology, Writing—original draft, Funding acquisition. BGJ, DYJ: Validation, Investigation. HYP: Supervision. YS, HYP, BGJ, DYJ: Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Konkuk University (IRB No. 7001355-202401-HR-750) and registered with the CRIS, Republic of Korea (KCT0010502; https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/index/index.do). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent to participate
Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Funding
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (2023S1A5B5A17089900). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
References
Pickersgill SJ, Msemburi WT, Cobb L, Ide N, Moran AE, Su Y, et al. Modeling global 80-80-80 blood pressure targets and cardiovascular outcomes.Nat Med. 2022;28:1693–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Fuchs FD, Whelton PK. High Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease.Hypertension. 2020;75:285–92. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Assadi F. Prehypertension: a warning sign of future cardiovascular risk.Int J Prev Med. 2014;5:S4–9.
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE Jr, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:e127–248. [DOI]
Kim HC, Lee H, Lee HH, Seo E, Kim E, Han J, et al.; Korean Society of Hypertension (KSH)–Hypertension Epidemiology Research Working Group. Korea hypertension fact sheet 2021: analysis of nationwide population-based data with special focus on hypertension in women.Clin Hypertens. 2022;28:1. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Park HY, Kim S, Kim Y, Park S, Nam SS. Effects of exercise training at lactate threshold and detraining for 12 weeks on body composition, aerobic performance, and stress related variables in obese women.J Exerc Nutrition Biochem. 2019;23:22–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wong A, Figueroa A, Fischer SM, Bagheri R, Park SY. The Effects of Mat Pilates Training on Vascular Function and Body Fatness in Obese Young Women With Elevated Blood Pressure.Am J Hypertens. 2020;33:563–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Suvorava T, Metry S, Pick S, Kojda G. Alterations in endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and their relevance to blood pressure.Biochem Pharmacol. 2022;205:115256. [DOI] [PubMed]
He B, Ji D, Zhang B. Hypertension and its correlation with autonomic nervous system dysfunction, heart rate variability and chronic inflammation.Blood Press. 2024;33:2405156. [DOI] [PubMed]
Banks NF, Rogers EM, Stanhewicz AE, Whitaker KM, Jenkins NDM. Resistance exercise lowers blood pressure and improves vascular endothelial function in individuals with elevated blood pressure or stage-1 hypertension.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2024;326:H256–69. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hu C, Xia Y, Zeng D, Ye M, Mei T. Effect of resistance circuit training on comprehensive health indicators in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Sci Rep. 2024;14:8823. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Almeida IDS, Andrade LS, Sousa AMM, Junior GC, Catai AM, Mota YL, et al. Is the Combination of Aerobic Exercise with Mat Pilates Better than Mat Pilates Training Alone on Autonomic Modulation Related to Functional Outcomes in Hypertensive Women? Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:10577. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Tarnas M, Marszałek A, Kufel-Grabowska J, Marszałek S, Wieliński D, Zieliński J. Effects of Pilates Training on Cardiorespiratory Functions in Medical Conditions - Comprehensive Approach: A Narrative Review.Aging Dis. 2024;15:1771–83. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Rayes ABR, de Lira CAB, Viana RB, Benedito-Silva AA, Vancini RL, Mascarin N, et al. The effects of Pilates vs. aerobic training on cardiorespiratory fitness, isokinetic muscular strength, body composition, and functional tasks outcomes for individuals who are overweight/obese: a clinical trial.PeerJ. 2019;7:e6022. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Woramontri C, Chaunchaiyakul R, Yang AL, Lin YY, Masodsai K. Effect of Mat Pilates Training on Blood Pressure, Inflammatory, and Oxidative Profiles in Hypertensive Elderly.Sports (Basel). 2024;12:120. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Adıgüzel S, Aras D, Gülü M, Aldhahi MI, Alqahtani AS, Al-Mhanna SB. Comparative effectiveness of 10-week equipment-based pilates and diaphragmatic breathing exercise on heart rate variability and pulmonary function in young adult healthy women with normal BMI - a quasi-experimental study.BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2023;15:82. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Yan Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Li X. Effects of acute moderate-intensity exercise at different duration on blood pressure and endothelial function in young male patients with stage 1 hypertension.Clin Exp Hypertens. 2021;43:691–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Drury ER, Wu J, Gigliotti JC, Le TH. Sex differences in blood pressure regulation and hypertension: renal, hemodynamic, and hormonal mechanisms.Physiol Rev. 2024;104:199–251. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Edwards KM, Wilson KL, Sadja J, Ziegler MG, Mills PJ. Effects on blood pressure and autonomic nervous system function of a 12-week exercise or exercise plus DASH-diet intervention in individuals with elevated blood pressure.Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2011;203:343–50. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Esler M. The 2009 Carl Ludwig Lecture: Pathophysiology of the human sympathetic nervous system in cardiovascular diseases: the transition from mechanisms to medical management.J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010;108:227–37. [DOI] [PubMed]
Malik M, Camm AJ, Bigger JT, Breithardt G, Cerutti S, Cohen RJ, et al. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology.Circulation. 1996;93:1043–65. [PubMed]
Park HY, Jung WS, Kim J, Hwang H, Lim K. Twelve Weeks of Aerobic Exercise at the Lactate Threshold Improves Autonomic Nervous System Function, Body Composition, and Aerobic Performance in Women with Obesity.J Obes Metab Syndr. 2020;29:67–75. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kim J, Park HY, Lim K. Effects of 12 Weeks of Combined Exercise on Heart Rate Variability and Dynamic Pulmonary Function in Obese and Elderly Korean Women.Iran J Public Health. 2018;47:74–81. [PubMed] [PMC]
Thijssen DH, Black MA, Pyke KE, Padilla J, Atkinson G, Harris RA, et al. Assessment of flow-mediated dilation in humans: a methodological and physiological guideline.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011;300:H2–12. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Yamashina A, Tomiyama H, Takeda K, Tsuda H, Arai T, Hirose K, et al. Validity, reproducibility, and clinical significance of noninvasive brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement.Hypertens Res. 2002;25:359–64. [DOI] [PubMed]
Tomiyama H. Vascular function: a key player in hypertension.Hypertens Res. 2023;46:2145–58. [DOI] [PubMed]
Parveen A, Kalra S, Jain S. Effects of Pilates on health and well-being of women: a systematic review.Bull Fac Phys Ther. 2023;28:17. [DOI]
Kim Y, Nho SJ, Woo G, Kim H, Park S, Kim Y, et al. Trends in the prevalence and management of major metabolic risk factors for chronic disease over 20 years: findings from the 1998-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021028. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Rhee EJ. Prevalence and Current Management of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Korean Adults Based on Fact Sheets.Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2020;35:85–94. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kang SY, Park HS. Gender Differences in Comorbidities and Attitudes Regarding Weight Control among Young Adults with Obesity in Korea.Obes Facts. 2022;15:581–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Batrakoulis A. Psychophysiological Adaptations to Pilates Training in Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Topical Review.Diseases. 2022;10:71. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kim KK, Haam JH, Kim BT, Kim EM, Park JH, Rhee SY, et al.; Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines, Korean Society for the Study of Obesity (KSSO). Evaluation and Treatment of Obesity and Its Comorbidities: 2022 Update of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Obesity by the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity.J Obes Metab Syndr. 2023;32:1–24. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Yoon JL, Cho JJ, Park KM, Noh HM, Park YS. Diagnostic performance of body mass index using the Western Pacific Regional Office of World Health Organization reference standards for body fat percentage.J Korean Med Sci. 2015;30:162–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Jung K, Seo J, Jung WS, Kim J, Park HY, Lim K. Effects of an Acute Pilates Program under Hypoxic Conditions on Vascular Endothelial Function in Pilates Participants: A Randomized Crossover Trial.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:2584. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Caminal P, Sola F, Gomis P, Guasch E, Perera A, Soriano N, et al. Validity of the Polar V800 monitor for measuring heart rate variability in mountain running route conditions.Eur J Appl Physiol. 2018;118:669–77. [DOI] [PubMed]
Roberts HC, Denison HJ, Martin HJ, Patel HP, Syddall H, Cooper C, et al. A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: towards a standardised approach.Age Ageing. 2011;40:423–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Barranco-Ruiz Y, Villa-González E. Health-Related Physical Fitness Benefits in Sedentary Women Employees after an Exercise Intervention with Zumba Fitness®.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:2632. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kim SW, Choi JH, Sun Y, Seo J, Jung WS, Park HY, et al. Effect of a 12-week non-contact exercise intervention on body composition and health-related physical fitness in adults: a pilot test.Phys Act Nutr. 2022;26:32–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kim SW, Park HY, Jung H, Lee J, Lim K. Estimation of Health-Related Physical Fitness Using Multiple Linear Regression in Korean Adults: National Fitness Award 2015–2019.Front Physiol. 2021;12:668055. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Miyashita M, Mutoh Y, Yoshioka N, Sadamoto T. PWC75%HRmax: a measure of aerobic work capacity.Sports Med. 1985;2:159–64. [DOI] [PubMed]
Pessôa RAG, de Oliveira LC, Vitor GBB, de Oliveira RG. Effects of Pilates exercises on cardiorespiratory fitness: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2023;52:101772. [DOI] [PubMed]
Wang Y, Chen Z, Wu Z, Ye X, Xu X. Pilates for Overweight or Obesity: A Meta-Analysis.Front Physiol. 2021;12:643455. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Fernández-Rodríguez R, Álvarez-Bueno C, Ferri-Morales A, Torres-Costoso AI, Cavero-Redondo I, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. Pilates Method Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.J Clin Med. 2019;8:1761. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Green DJ, Maiorana A, O’Driscoll G, Taylor R. Effect of exercise training on endothelium-derived nitric oxide function in humans.J Physiol. 2004;561:1–25. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Tanaka H. Antiaging Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Systemic Arteries.Hypertension. 2019;74:237–43. [DOI] [PubMed]
Lobato NS, Filgueira FP, Akamine EH, Tostes RC, Carvalho MH, Fortes ZB. Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in obesity-associated hypertension.Braz J Med Biol Res. 2012;45:392–400. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kalil GZ, Haynes WG. Sympathetic nervous system in obesity-related hypertension: mechanisms and clinical implications.Hypertens Res. 2012;35:4–16. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Cooper JN, Buchanich JM, Youk A, Brooks MM, Barinas-Mitchell E, Conroy MB, et al. Reductions in arterial stiffness with weight loss in overweight and obese young adults: potential mechanisms.Atherosclerosis. 2012;223:485–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Yugar LBT, Yugar-Toledo JC, Dinamarco N, Sedenho-Prado LG, Moreno BVD, Rubio TA, et al. The Role of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in Different Hypertensive Syndromes.Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13:785. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Gerritsen RJS, Band GPH. Breath of Life: The Respiratory Vagal Stimulation Model of Contemplative Activity.Front Hum Neurosci. 2018;12:397. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Souza HCD, Philbois SV, Veiga AC, Aguilar BA. Heart Rate Variability and Cardiovascular Fitness: What We Know so Far.Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2021;17:701–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Vosseler A, Zhao D, Hummel J, Gholamrezaei A, Hudak S, Kantartzis K, et al. Slow deep breathing modulates cardiac vagal activity but does not affect peripheral glucose metabolism in healthy men.Sci Rep. 2021;11:20306. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
