Exploration of Medicine

Table 2. Comparison of elements between tremor patients and healthy controls.

Feature	Tremor/N	Healthy control/N	Z	P-Value	Reference range
Cu, µmol/L	16.41 (10.69, 24.29)/79	10.59 (9.93, 12.40)/82	5.375	< 0.001	9–29
Zn, µmol/L	120.10 (80.66, 125.78)/78	119.50 (77.75, 126.40)/82	0.222	0.824	38–165
Ca, µmol/L	1.24 (1.14, 1.33)/78	1.24 (1.12, 1.39)/82	–0.746	0.456	1.05–1.80
Mg, µmol/L	1.21 (0.88, 1.34)/79	1.24 (1.12, 1.36)/82	–1.882	0.060	0.75–1.90
Fe, µmol/L	9.42 (7.64, 10.75)/78	8.79 (7.35, 10.08)/82	1.166	0.244	6.0–12
Pb, µg/L	23.01 (13.43, 41.12)/78	14.86 (11.60, 20.56)/82	4.172	< 0.001	0–100

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Note: N refers to the number of participants who completed this test.

Declarations

Author contributions

YJZ: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing—original draft, Formal analysis, Visualization. MC: Investigation, Data curation, Writing—original draft. XHH: Investigation, Writing—original draft. SEL: Investigation, Writing—original draft. ZL: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (Version 2024). Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Guilin Medical University (No. GYLL2022009).

Consent to participate

Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants after explaining the goals of the study.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Funding

The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32260175) and the Guangxi Key Laboratory Capacity Building Project (Guike LT2600640059). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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