From:  Ultrasound-derived congestion phenotypes and their association with cardiac structure and function in HFpEF

 Clinical, echocardiographic, and congestion characteristics across ultrasound-derived congestion phenotypes.

ParametersLow-low (reference group) (n = 33)Pulmonary-dominant phenotype (n = 59)Mixed severe phenotype (n = 143)р
Demographics
Female sex, n (%)21 (63.6)47 (79.7)109 (76.2)0.214
Age, years77.0 (70.0–84.0)78.0 (74.0–86.0)77.0 (71.0–84.0)0.218
BMI, kg/m227.2 (24.2–29.8)27.5 (24.6–29.8)32.9 (29.3–37.8)< 0.001
Waist circumference, cm96.0 (89.0–110.0)88.0 (82.0–98.0)109.0 (98.0–122.0)< 0.001
Comorbidities, n (%)
Arterial hypertension33 (100.0)58 (98.3)143 (100.0)0.226
Coronary artery disease16 (48.5)32 (54.2)88 (61.5)0.312
Atrial fibrillation11 (33.3)28 (47.5)88 (61.5)0.006
Type 2 diabetes mellitus6 (18.2)14 (23.7)75 (52.4)< 0.001
Acute kidney injury3 (9.1)4 (6.8)27 (18.9)0.061
Medication, n (%)
Anticoagulants12 (36.4)18 (30.5)77 (53.8)0.005
Beta-blockers15 (45.5)27 (45.8)80 (55.9)0.305
Diuretics8 (24.2)14 (23.7)79 (55.2)< 0.001
MRAs0 (0.0)5 (8.5)28 (19.6)0.005
RAAS blockers30 (90.9)46 (78.0)121 (84.6)0.249
SGLT2 inhibitors1 (3.0)2 (3.4)15 (10.5)0.132
Clinical signs of congestion, n (%)
Orthopnea7 (21.2)26 (44.1)116 (81.1)< 0.001
Jugular venous distension6 (18.2)18 (30.5)125 (87.4)< 0.001
Lower extremity edema15 (45.5)20 (33.9)128 (89.5)< 0.001
Hepatomegaly1 (3.0)0 (0.0)29 (20.3)< 0.001
Pulmonary crackles31 (93.9)58 (98.3)142 (99.3)0.100
Pleural effusion3 (9.1)8 (13.6)94 (65.7)< 0.001
Ascites0 (0.0)0 (0.0)35 (24.5)< 0.001
Echocardiographic parameters
LV ejection fraction, %59.0 (55.0–61.0)56.0 (55.0–58.5)55.0 (52.0–58.0)< 0.001
E/e’ ratio11.91 ± 1.5212.28 ± 2.3314.92 ± 2.38< 0.001
Е/А ratio0.83 (0.67–0.87)0.76 (0.68–0.84)1.04 (0.85–1.21)< 0.001
LAVI, mL/m239.0 (34.0–42.0)41.0 (38.0–45.5)45.0 (40.0–49.0)< 0.001
Relative wall thickness0.53 (0.48–0.59)0.56 (0.52–0.60)0.56 (0.52–0.60)0.201
LV mass index, g/m2105.0 (98.0–111.0)112.0 (104.0–125.0)115.5 (102.0–129.3)0.010
Tricuspid regurgitation velocity, m/s2.7 (2.6–2.7)2.8 (2.7–2.9)3.0 (2.9–3.2)< 0.001
RV dilation, n (%)4 (12.1)5 (8.5)54 (37.8)< 0.001
TAPSE, mm20.0 (19.0–21.0)19.0 (19.0–20.0)18.0 (16.0–20.0)< 0.001
RV S’, cm/s11.0 (10.5–12.0)11.0 (10.0–11.5)10.0 (9.0–11.0)< 0.001
FAC RV, %41.0 (39.0–43.0)41.0 (38.0–42.0)38.0 (31.5–41.5)< 0.001
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Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation for normally distributed variables (compared with one-way ANOVA) and as median (interquartile range) for non-normally distributed variables (compared with Kruskal-Wallis test). Categorical variables are presented as n (%) and were compared using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Post-hoc comparisons were conducted using Tukey’s test or Dunn’s test with Holm correction, p values represent overall comparisons across the three phenotypes. BMI: body mass index; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LV: left ventricular; RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; RV: right ventricular.