From:  Beyond survival: how paediatric and adolescent chemotherapy shapes male fertility in adulthood

 Summary of age-dependent gonadotoxic effects of chemotherapy in males across developmental stages.

Age range/StageTumor typeAnticancer agent Degree of gonadotoxicityRef
Adolescents and adultsChronic myeloid leukemiaImatinibDecreased sperm density, count, morphology[24]
Young adults (20–39 years)Hodgkin lymphomaDoxorubicin bleomycin vinblastine dacarbazineIncreased sperm anomalies, reduced sperm concentration[25]
PaediatricTesticular cancerIonizing radiationTestosterone abnormalities[26]
Children and adolescentsAcute lymphoblastic leukemiaCyclophosphamidegerm cell depletion and risk of azoospermia[27]
Adolescents (15–19 years) and childrenMalignant B-cell origin lymphomaABVD, BEACOPP, OEPA-COPDAC (Etoposide/Dacarbazine)High risk; linked to azoospermia and affects spermatogenesis[28]
Children, adolescents and adults (6–39 years)OsteosarcomaIfosfamideAzoospermia, oligospermia and sometimes results permanent infertility[29]
Children and adolescents (2–25 years)Ewing sarcomaIfosfamide, high-dose chemotherapyPermanent spermatogenic failure[30]
PaediatricSolid tumors (e.g., Rhabdomyosarcoma)CyclophosphamideInfertility, impaired spermatogenesis, and Leydig cell dysfunction[31]
Adolescents and adults (17–39 years)Germ cell tumorCisplatinSevere oligospermia or azoospermia[32]
Children (0–17 years)Acute leukemiaIrradiationGonadal failure, with increased FSH levels[33]
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Chemotherapy doses are expressed as mg/m2 or g/m2 (cumulative body surface area-based dose). Radiation dose is expressed in Gy, a SI unit of absorbed radiation dose. Gy: Gray (unit of absorbed radiation); Units: mg/m2: milligrams per square meter of body surface area; g/m2: grams per square meter.