Study characteristics with population and intervention summary.
| Study | Study design | Sample size | Mean age | Follow-up | Population summary | Procedure | Intervention summary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| El Bèze et al. [15] | Prospective cohort study | 156 | 65 ± 18.5 years | Median 4.7 months (Q1–Q3) | Adult patients (66% female) undergoing TMVR with SAPIEN prosthesis. | TMVR with SAPIEN | DOACs vs. VKAs. 20.5% DOACs, 79.5% VKAs. |
| Guerrero et al. [16] | Registry-based observational study | 820 | 72.2 ± 10.4 years | 1 year | Adult patients (50.9% female) undergoing TMVR via MViR. | Valve-in-ring | MViR with SAPIEN 3 valve, transseptal access. |
| Giustino et al. [17] | Randomized controlled trial (Cardiovascular Outcomes Assessment of the MitraClip Percutaneous Therapy for Heart Failure Patients with Functional Mitral Regurgitation) | 614 | Not available | 4 years | Patients with secondary MR due to heart failure. | TEER (MitraClip) | TEER (MitraClip) vs. guideline-directed medical therapy for severe secondary MR. |
| Körber et al. [18] | Single-center cohort study | 347 | 76 years | Not specified | Adult patients (41.5% female) undergoing percutaneous mitral valve repair with MitraClip. | TEER (MitraClip) | MitraClip implantation for MR, various antithrombotic regimens. |
| Paukovitsch et al. [19] | Single-center registry-based cohort | 586 | 76.8 years | Median 577 days | Adult patients (40.1% female) undergoing TMVR with MitraClip. | TEER (MitraClip) | TMVR with MitraClip, echocardiographic, and fluoroscopic guidance. |
| Nathan et al. [20] | Retrospective cohort study (claims-based) | 1,997 | 71 (valve replacement), 81 (valve replacement) | 90 days post-discharge | Patients with AF undergoing MVR (surgical or transcatheter). | Mixed (surgical & transcatheter repair) | Evaluated anticoagulation (VKAs, DOACs, or no therapy) post-MVR. |
| Li et al. [21] | Single-center observational study | 33 | 70.1 years | Median 28 months, max 47 months | Patients undergoing ViV-TMVR due to bioprosthetic valve failure. | ViV-TMVR | ViV-TMVR with J-Valve, Warfarin anticoagulation. |
| Geis et al. [22] | Retrospective cohort study | 86 | 66.5 years | Mean 424 ± 287 days | Patients with severe MR undergoing TEER with MitraClip. | TEER (MitraClip) | MitraClip implantation for severe MR-analyzed ventricular arrhythmias and implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapies. |
| Malaisrie et al. [23] | Prospective multicenter study (PARTNER 3 MViV) | 50 | 70.1 ± 9.7 years | 1 year | Patients with failing mitral bioprosthetic valves undergoing MViV with SAPIEN 3. | ViV-TMVR | MViV with SAPIEN 3 via transseptal approach. |
| Mentias et al. [14] | Retrospective cohort study (Medicare database) | 11,267 | 77.5 years (DOAC), 75.0 years (warfarin) | Median 468 days (MVR) | Patients with AF undergoing MVR (surgical or transcatheter). | Mixed (surgical & transcatheter repair) | DOACs vs. Warfarin in AF patients post-TMVR. |
| Ludwig et al. [24] | Single-center observational study | 11 | 77 years (73–84) | 6 months | Patients with severe symptomatic MR undergoing TMVR using Tendyne™ or Tiara™ devices. | TMVR (Tendyne or Tiara) | TMVR with Tendyne™ or Tiara™ via transapical access. |
| Hohmann et al. [25] | Retrospective observational study | 1,342 | 76 ± 9 years | 30 days to 6 months | Patients undergoing TMVR with MitraClip. 62% had AF, 91% hypertensive, 78% congestive heart failure. | TEER (MitraClip) | Post-TMVR anticoagulation patterns and thromboembolic risk. |
| Tichelbäcker et al. [26] | Single-center retrospective study | 453 | 79.1 years | Up to 6 months | Patients undergoing MitraClip for severe MR. 60.5% had AF, 71.7% hypertensive. | TEER (MitraClip) | Left ventricular thrombus formation post-TMVR and anticoagulation association. |
| Schipper et al. [27] | Single-center retrospective observational cohort | 206 | 78.6 years | Median 833 days | High-risk patients with severe MR and AF, undergoing mitral valve TEER. | TEER (MitraClip) | Post-procedure oral anticoagulation with either DOAC or VKA. |
| Alaour et al. [28] | Prospective multicenter registry analysis | 2,908 | 82 years | 30 days to 5 years | Consecutive high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis and AF undergoing TAVR. | TAVR (comparative context) | Post-procedure oral anticoagulation with either DOAC or VKA. |
AF: atrial fibrillation; DOACs: direct oral anticoagulants; MR: mitral regurgitation; MViR: mitral valve-in-ring; MViV: mitral valve-in-valve; MVR: mitral valve repair; TAVR: transcatheter aortic valve replacement; TEER: transcatheter edge-to-edge repair; TMVR: transcatheter mitral valve repair; ViV: valve-in-valve; VKAs: vitamin K antagonists.