Bias assessment by the Robins tool.
| Authors (year) | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xu et al. (2021) [55] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Shah et al. (2023) [56] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Kumar et al. (2023) [57] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Holliday et al. (2019) [58] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Karaaslan et al. (2020) [59] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Kiiun et al. (2023) [60] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Akram et al. (2021) [61] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| ArRejaie et al. (2019) [62] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| ALHarthi et al. (2019) [63] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Mišković et al. (2024) [64] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Pouly et al. (2021) [65] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Al-Hamoudi et al. (2020) [66] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
High: 
; low: 
; some concerns: 
; no information: 
; D1: bias due to confounding; D2: bias arising from the measurement of the exposure; D3: bias in the selection of participants into the study (or into the analysis); D4: bias due to post-exposure interventions; D5: bias due to missing data; D6: bias arising from the measurement of the outcome; D7: bias in the selection of the report result.
GD: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—review & editing. ADI: Conceptualization, Data curation, Visualization, Funding acquisition. VC: Methodology, Writing—original draft, Supervision. BFPP: Validation, Writing—original draft, Funding acquisition. RVG: Methodology, Formal analysis, Project administration. DC: Conceptualization, Validation, Formal analysis. AP: Software, Formal analysis, Visualization. FI: Software, Resources, Supervision, Project administration. GI: Investigation, Resources. MC: Software, Visualization, Writing—original draft. GM: Methodology, Investigation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. AMI: Validation, Data curation, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Gaetano Isola, who is the Associate Editor of Exploration of Medicine, had no involvement in the decision-making or the review process of this manuscript. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Not applicable.
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The primary data for this systematic review were sourced online from databases listed in the methods. References articles are accessible on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Additional supporting data are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Not applicable.
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