Featured research in the qualitative analysis and its characteristics.
| Authors (year) | Type of study | Aim of the study | Material and methods | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xu et al. (2021) [55] | Longitudinal study/comparative clinical study | To evaluate the impact of E-C aerosol on periodontal health in periodontitis patients | 140 participants (cigarette smokers, E-C users, non-smokers) followed for 6 months, monitoring periodontal parameters and smoking behaviors. | E-C users and smokers had more severe periodontal disease progression compared to non-smokers. |
| Shah et al. (2023) [56] | Retrospective clinical study | To compare periodontal treatment responses in E-C users, non-smokers, and smokers | A retrospective analysis of 220 periodontitis patients’ baseline charting, plaque removal, and re-evaluation. Linear models are used to analyze clinical outcomes based on smoking status. | E-C users had less favorable responses to treatment compared to non-smokers, similar to current smokers, with increased need for surgery and deeper probing depths. |
| Kumar et al. (2023) [57] | Exploratory clinical study | To evaluate how E-C use affects response to N-SPT | Patients underwent N-SPT, and clinical parameters were measured before and after treatment to assess the effect of E-C use on periodontal outcomes. | E-C users showed less improvement in clinical periodontal parameters compared with non-smokers. |
| Holliday et al. (2019) [58] | Feasibility pilot RCT | To assess the feasibility of E-Cs for smoking cessation in patients with periodontitis | Pilot randomized controlled trial involving patients using E-C toquit smoking, monitoring periodontal health and smoking cessation outcomes over time. | The study showed that E-Cs could be a feasible smoking cessation tool for periodontitis patients, but further larger studies are needed. |
| Karaaslan et al. (2020) [59] | Observational study | To examine the effects of vaping on periodontitis progression | Clinical evaluations of patients who vape, focusing on periodontal measurements like probing depth and attachment loss, compared to non-smokers and smokers. | Vaping was associated with increased periodontal inflammation and disease progression, similar to traditional smokers. |
| Kiiun et al. (2023) [60] | Biochemical and clinical study | To investigate oral dysbiosis and enzyme activity in E-C users with periodontitis | Biochemical tests on oral fluid for urease and lysozyme activity were performed on E-C users and compared to non-smokers and cigarette smokers with periodontal disease. | E-C users showed significant oral dysbiosis and altered enzyme activity compared to non-smokers, potentially worsening periodontitis outcomes. |
| Akram et al. (2021) [61] | Longitudinal cohort study | To evaluate periodontal disease progression biomarkers among E-C users | Clinical and biochemical markers of periodontal tissue degradation were tracked over time in smokers, E-C users, and non-smokers to compare disease progression. | E-C users showed elevated biomarkers indicating tissue degradation, similar to cigarette smokers. |
| ArRejaie et al. (2019) [62] | Cross-sectional study | To compare peri-implant parameters and cytokine levels among smokers, vapers, and non-smokers | Clinical measurements of peri-implant health and analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the gingival fluid across the three groups. | Smokers and vapers both had higher levels of inflammation and worse peri-implant health compared to non-smokers. |
| ALHarthi et al. (2019) [63] | Prospective clinical study | To evaluate the effect of full-mouth ultrasonic scaling in smokers and vapers | Patients underwent full-mouth ultrasonic scaling, and gingival inflammation parameters were assessed pre- and post-treatment, comparing smokers, vapers, and non-smokers. | Vapers showed less reduction in inflammation compared to non-smokers after scaling, without coming close to smokers. |
| Mišković et al. (2024) [64] | Cross-sectional study | To assess periodontal health in adults exposed to tobacco heating systems versus cigarette smoke | Periodontal health of adults exposed to HTPs, cigarettes, and non-smokers was assessed through clinical periodontal parameters like probing depth and attachment loss. | Heated tobacco users had slightly better periodontal health than cigarette smokers, but worse than non-smokers. |
| Pouly et al. (2021) [65] | Randomized controlled multicenter study | To evaluate the effect of switching to heated tobacco on periodontitis treatment outcomes | Multicenter study with patients randomized to either switch to heated tobacco or continue smoking, assessing clinical periodontal treatment outcomes after non-surgical therapy. | Switching to heated tobacco showed improved periodontal treatment outcomes compared to continued smoking, but not as good as those of non-smokers. |
| Al-Hamoudi et al. (2020) [66] | Clinical study | To assess the anti-inflammatory cytokine response in E-C users and non-smokers | Analysis of anti-inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13) in gingival crevicular fluid after SRP in E-C users and non-smokers. | E-C users had lower levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines compared to non-smokers, suggesting a less favorable immune response. |
E-C: electronic cigarette; N-SPT: non-surgical periodontal therapy; HTPs: heated tobacco products; IL: interleukin; SRP: scaling and root planing.